Apparently you are talking about FOX (National Enquirer) News? Yes, I agree with you 100% - they are totally biased, a right wing pep rally pretty much!

CNN is despicable, lost all credibility with me and it's sad because I have watched CNN for many years and now they are nothing but the National Enquirer on TV. I try to watch them but always find myself back to FOX again and again!

Your passionate obsession with Trump overrules any rationale or reason. You've made that point exhausting. Shame , what used to be an informative watch, has turned to tabloid reporting. Good luck in your future . You are turning away many viewers , I'm sure.

CNN used to be my "go to" news source. You have now lost all credibility with me. I turned to Fox news because they seemed more polite, balanced, and gave me a view of both sides of the issues. They do not seem extreme to me at all. CNN's non-stop attacks on Trump have, in my opinion, become over the top bias. I am truly sorry to see a once great news organization on the demise.

I am not American and in my country the only American news channel we really get is CNN. I was amazed when the American people ousted the Democratic Party and elected Trump after the positive legacy of Obama. However I have now stopped watching CNN. They are so obsessed with their predictable and biased anti-Trump discussions that it will turn me into a definite Trump supporter if I watch it any longer.

You must be talking about Fox News

Home » Criminal Division » About The Criminal Division » Sections/Offices » Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) » Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Child Exploitation And Obscenity Laws SHARE • CEOS Home • CEOS Mission • Subject Areas • Press Releases o Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Child Exploitation Laws o Child Pornography o Child Sexual Abuse o Child Support Enforcement o Extraterritorial Sexual Exploitation of Children o International Parental Kidnapping o Obscenity o Prostitution of Children o Sex Offender Registration • Additional Resources • Employment and Internship Opportunities • FAQs • Report Violations CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON THE EXTRATERRITORIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN 18 U.S.C. § 2423(d): Travel with intent to engage in illicit sexual conduct 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c): Engaging in illicit sexual conduct in foreign places 18 U.S.C. § 2423(d): Ancillary Offenses 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(c) and 2260(a): Production of Child Pornography outside the United States 18 U.S.C. § 1591: Sex Trafficking of children by force, fraud, or coercion 18 U.S.C. § 1596: Additional jurisdiction in certain trafficking offenses Federal law provides “extraterritorial jurisdiction” over certain sex offenses against children. Extraterritorial jurisdiction is the legal authority of the United States to prosecute criminal conduct that took place outside its borders. Section 2423(c) of Title 18, United States Code, prohibits United States citizens or legal permanent residents from traveling from the United States to a foreign country, and while there, raping or sexually molesting a child or paying a child for sex. Citizens can be punished under this law even if the conduct they engaged in was legal in the country where it occurred. For example, if an individual traveled to a country that had legalized prostitution, and while they were there they paid a child for sex, that individual could still be convicted under this statute. The penalty for this provision is up to 30 years in prison. Section 2423(b) of Title 18, United States Code, is a similar provision. Section 2423(b) makes it a crime for United States citizens or legal permanent residents to travel from the United States to a foreign country with the intent to engage in illegal sexual conduct with a child such as rape, molestation, or prostitution. The difference between Section 2423(b) and Section 2423(c) is that Section 2423(b) statute requires proof that the defendant had formed his criminal intent at the time he began to travel. The penalty for this offense is also up to 30 years in prison. Finally, Section 2423(d) makes it a crime to be what is known informally as being a “child sex tour operator.” This statute makes it an offense to profit by facilitating the travel of U.S. Citizens or legal permanent residents, knowing that they are traveling for the purpose of engaging in illegal sex with a minor. The penalty for this offense is up to 30 years in prison. There are also some child pornography laws that apply to conduct overseas. Sections 2251(c) and 2260(a) of Title 18, United States Code both make it a crime for anyone to produce child pornography in foreign countries if they import the child abuse images into the United States, or if they intend to do so. The penalty for a first time offender under these statutes is at least 15 years, up to a maximum of 30 years in prison. Finally, 18 U.S.C. § 1596 grants extraterritorial jurisdiction over 18 U.S.C. § 1591 (Sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, or coercion). In this instance, this means that federal prosecutors can investigate and prosecute foreign nationals who commit sex trafficking crimes against children outside the United States. Section 1596 also allows the federal government to investigate and prosecute U.S. nationals and residents who commit child sex trafficking crimes in foreign countries (For more information on 18 U.S.C. § 1591, see Citizen’s Guide to U.S. Federal Law on the Prostitution of Children). For all of these statutes, a child is considered to be anyone under the age of 18. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Extraterritorial Sexual Exploitation of Children • Citizen’s Guide to U.S. Federal Law on the Prostitution of Children • The PROTECT Act of 2003 • Report Violations • FAQs Updated July 6, 2015 Was this page helpful? Yes No Home » Criminal Division » About The Criminal Division » Sections/Offices » Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) » Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Child Exploitation And Obscenity Laws SHARE CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON CHILD PORNOGRAPHY 18 U.S.C. § 2251- Sexual Exploitation of Children (Production of child pornography) 18 U.S.C. § 2251A- Selling and Buying of Children 18 U.S.C. § 2252- Certain activities relating to material involving the sexual exploitation of minors (Possession, distribution and receipt of child pornography) 18 U.S.C. § 2252A- certain activities relating to material constituting or containing child pornography 18 U.S.C. § 2256- Definitions 18 U.S.C. § 2260- Production of sexually explicit depictions of a minor for importation into the United States Images of child pornography are not protected under First Amendment rights, and are illegal contraband under federal law. Section 2256 of Title 18, United States Code, defines child pornography as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor (someone under 18 years of age). Visual depictions include photographs, videos, digital or computer generated images indistinguishable from an actual minor, and images created, adapted, or modified, but appear to depict an identifiable, actual minor. Undeveloped film, undeveloped videotape, and electronically stored data that can be converted into a visual image of child pornography are also deemed illegal visual depictions under federal law. Notably, the legal definition of sexually explicit conduct does not require that an image depict a child engaging in sexual activity. A picture of a naked child may constitute illegal child pornography if it is sufficiently sexually suggestive. Additionally, the age of consent for sexual activity in a given state is irrelevant; any depiction of a minor under 18 years of age engaging in sexually explicit conduct is illegal. Federal law prohibits the production, distribution, reception, and possession of an image of child pornography using or affecting any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce (See 18 U.S.C. § 2251; 18 U.S.C. § 2252; 18 U.S.C. § 2252A). Specifically, Section 2251 makes it illegal to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for purposes of producing visual depictions of that conduct. Any individual who attempts or conspires to commit a child pornography offense is also subject to prosecution under federal law. Federal jurisdiction is implicated if the child pornography offense occurred in interstate or foreign commerce. This includes, for example, using the U.S. Mails or common carriers to transport child pornography across state or international borders. Additionally, federal jurisdiction almost always applies when the Internet is used to commit a child pornography violation. Even if the child pornography image itself did not travel across state or international borders, federal law may be implicated if the materials, such as the computer used to download the image or the CD-ROM used to store the image, originated or previously traveled in interstate or foreign commerce. In addition, Section 2251A of Title 18, United States Code, specifically prohibits any parent, legal guardian or other person in custody or control of a minor under the age of 18, to buy, sell, or transfer custody of that minor for purposes of producing child pornography. Lastly, Section 2260 of Title 18, United States Code, prohibits any persons outside of the United States to knowingly produce, receive, transport, ship, or distribute child pornography with intent to import or transmit the visual depiction into the United States. Any violation of federal child pornography law is a serious crime, and convicted offenders face severe statutory penalties. For example, a first time offender convicted of producing child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2251, face fines and a statutory minimum of 15 years to 30 years maximum in prison. A first time offender convicted of transporting child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce under 18 U.S.C. § 2252, faces fines and a statutory minimum of 5 years to 20 years maximum in prison. Convicted offenders may face harsher penalties if the offender has prior convictions or if the child pornography offense occurred in aggravated situations defined as (i) the images are violent, sadistic, or masochistic in nature, (ii) the minor was sexually abused, or (iii) the offender has prior convictions for child sexual exploitation. In these circumstances, a convicted offender may face up to life imprisonment. It is important to note that an offender can be prosecuted under state child pornography laws in addition to, or instead of, federal law. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Child Pornography • Report Violations • FAQs Updated December 12, 2017 Was this page helpful? Yes No Home » Criminal Division » About The Criminal Division » Sections/Offices » Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) » Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Child Exploitation And Obscenity Laws SHARE o International Parental Kidnapping o Obscenity o Prostitution of Children o Sex Offender Registration • Additional Resources • Employment and Internship Opportunities • FAQs • Report Violations CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL PARENTAL KIDNAPPING 18 U.S.C. § 1204– International parental kidnapping Section 1204 of Title 18, United States Code, makes it a federal crime for a parent to remove or attempt to remove a child from the United States, or retain a child outside the United States with intent to obstruct another parent's custodial rights. A parent who removes a child from the United States in this capacity is subject to federal prosecution, and if convicted, faces fines and imprisonment for up to 3 years. It is important to distinguish between the prosecution of the parent who kidnapped a child and the return of that child to the United States. Extradition is the legal surrender of an alleged criminal to the jurisdiction of another country. Although the parent who removed the child from the United States is generally eligible for formal extradition because they are charged with a federal crime, the child is a victim of international parental kidnapping and often not eligible for formal extradition. In other words, federal prosecutors may investigate and prosecute the parent, but they typically have no control over the return of the child or custodial decisions affecting that child. The return of internationally kidnapped children is often settled through negotiation. The U.S. Department of State handles the coordination of efforts with foreign officials and law enforcement agencies to effectuate the return of children to the United States. In some circumstances, the return may be governed by the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Parental Child Abduction (1980). This Convention was established to facilities the return of children abducted into foreign countries. The Convention only applies if both countries involved in the international parental kidnapping situation are signatories to the Convention. The United States is a signatory country. FOR MORE INFORMATION • International Parental Kidnapping • U.S. Department of State- Child Abduction website • Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Parental Child Abduction(1980) • Report Violations • FAQs Home » Criminal Division » About The Criminal Division » Sections/Offices » Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) » Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Child Exploitation And Obscenity Laws SHARE CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 18 U.S.C. § 2241– Aggravated sexual abuse 18 U.S.C. § 2242– Sexual abuse 18 U.S.C. § 2243– Sexual abuse of a minor or ward 18 U.S.C. § 2244– Abusive sexual contact Except in limited circumstances, federal laws typically do not apply to child sexual abuse matters that takes place wholly inside a single state. These matters are therefore generally handled by state or local authorities and prosecuted under state laws. However, if the sexual abuse of a child occurred on federal lands, the offense may be prosecuted under federal law. Federal lands include areas such as military bases, Indian territories, and other government– owned lands or properties (See 18 U.S.C. §7). Under federal law, offenders convicted of sexually abusing a child face fines and imprisonment. Furthermore, an offender may face harsher penalties if the crime occurred in aggravated circumstances, which include, for example, the offender used force or threats, inflicted serious bodily injury or death, or kidnapped a child in the process of committing child sexual abuse. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Report Violations Updated July 6, 2015 CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON OBSCENITY 18 U.S.C. § 1460- Possession with intent to sell, and sale, of obscene matter on Federal property 18 U.S.C. § 1461- Mailing obscene or crime-inciting matter 18 U.S.C. § 1462- Importation or transportation of obscene matters 18 U.S.C. § 1463- Mailing indecent matter on wrappers or envelopes 18 U.S.C. § 1464- Broadcasting obscene language 18 U.S.C. § 1465- Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution 18 U.S.C. § 1466- Engaging in the business of selling or transferring obscene matter 18 U.S.C. § 1466A- Obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children 18 U.S.C. § 1467- Criminal forfeiture 18 U.S.C. § 1468- Distributing obscene material by cable or subscription television 18 U.S.C. § 1469- Presumptions 18 U.S.C. § 1470- Transfer of obscene material to minors 18 U.S.C. § 2252B Misleading domain names on the Internet 18 U.S.C. § 2252C Misleading words or digital images on the Internet The U.S. Supreme Court established the test that judges and juries use to determine whether matter is obscene in three major cases: Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 24-25 (1973); Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291, 300-02, 309 (1977); and Pope v. Illinois, 481 U.S. 497, 500-01 (1987). The three-pronged Miller test is as follows: 1. Whether the average person, applying contemporary adult community standards, finds that the matter, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interests (i.e., an erotic, lascivious, abnormal, unhealthy, degrading, shameful, or morbid interest in nudity, sex, or excretion); 2. Whether the average person, applying contemporary adult community standards, finds that the matter depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way (i.e., ultimate sexual acts, normal or perverted, actual or simulated, masturbation, excretory functions, lewd exhibition of the genitals, or sado-masochistic sexual abuse); and 3. Whether a reasonable person finds that the matter, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. Any material that satisfies this three-pronged test may be found obscene. Federal law prohibits the possession with intent to sell or distribute obscenity, to send, ship, or receive obscenity, to import obscenity, and to transport obscenity across state boarders for purposes of distribution. Although the law does not criminalize the private possession of obscene matter, the act of receiving such matter could violate the statutes prohibiting the use of the U.S. Mails, common carriers, or interactive computer services for the purpose of transportation (See 18 U.S.C. § 1460; 18 U.S.C. § 1461; 18 U.S.C. § 1462; 18 U.S.C. § 1463). Convicted offenders face fines and imprisonment. It is also illegal to aid or abet in the commission of these crimes, and individuals who commit such acts are also punishable under federal obscenity laws. In addition, federal law prohibits both the production of obscene matter with intent to sell or distribute, and engaging in a business of selling or transferring obscene matter using or affecting means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce, including the use of interactive computer services. (See 18 U.S.C. § 1465; 18 U.S.C. § 1466). For example, it is illegal to sell and distribute obscene material on the Internet. Convicted offenders face fines and up to 5 years in prison. Moreover, Sections 1464 and 1468 of Title 18, United States Code, specifically prohibit the broadcast or distribution of obscene matter by radio communication or by cable or subscription television respectively. Convicted offenders under these statutes face fines and up to 2 years in prison. Obscenity Involving Minors Federal statutes specifically prohibit obscenity involving minors, and convicted offenders generally face harsher statutory penalties than if the offense involved only adults. Section 1470 of Title 18, United States Code, prohibits any individual from knowingly transferring or attempting to transfer obscene matter using the U.S. mail or any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce to a minor under 16 years of age. Convicted offenders face fines and imprisonment for up to 10 years. In addition, Section 1466A of Title 18, United State Code, makes it illegal for any person to knowingly produce, distribute, receive, or possess with intent to transfer or distribute visual representations, such as drawings, cartoons, or paintings that appear to depict minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct and are deemed obscene. This statute offers an alternative 2-pronged test for obscenity with a lower threshold than the Miller test. The matter involving minors can be deemed obscene if it (i) depicts an image that is, or appears to be a minor engaged in graphic bestiality, sadistic or masochistic abuse, or sexual intercourse and (ii) if the image lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. A first time offender convicted under this statute faces fines and at least 5 years to a maximum of 20 years in prison. There are also laws to protect children from obscene or harmful material on the Internet. For one, federal law prohibits the use of misleading domain names, words, or digital images on the Internet with intent to deceive a minor into viewing harmful or obscene material (See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252B, 2252C). It is illegal for an individual to knowingly use interactive computer services to display obscenity in a manner that makes it available to a minor less than 18 years of age (See 47 U.S.C. § 223(d) –Communications Decency Act of 1996, as amended by the PROTECT Act of 2003). It is also illegal to knowingly make a commercial communication via the Internet that includes obscenity and is available to any minor less than 17 years of age (See 47 U.S.C. § 231 –Child Online Protection Act of 1998). The standard of what is harmful to minors may differ from the standard applied to adults. Harmful materials for minors include any communication consisting of nudity, sex or excretion that (i) appeals to the prurient interest of minors, (ii) is patently offensive to prevailing standards in the adult community with respect to what is suitable material for minors, (iii) and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value for minors. In addition to facing imprisonment and fines, convicted offenders of federal obscenity laws involving minors may also be required to register as sex offenders. Furthermore, in some circumstances, obscenity violations involving minors may also be subject to prosecution under federal child pornography laws, which yield serve statutory penalties (For more information, see Citizen´s Guide to U.S. Federal Child Pornography Laws). FOR MORE INFORMATION • Obscenity • PROTECT Act of 2003 • Child Online Protection Act of 1998 • Report Violations • FAQs Updated December 19, 2018 terrorism combat act << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 203 / § 3052 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3052: Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 203-ARREST AND COMMITMENT Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3052. Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation The Director, Associate Director, Assistant to the Director, Assistant Directors, inspectors, and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice may carry firearms, serve warrants and subpoenas issued under the authority of the United States and make arrests without warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing such felony. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 817 ; Jan. 10, 1951, ch. 1221, §1, 64 Stat. 1239 .) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 300a of title 5, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees (June 18, 1934, ch. 595, 48 Stat. 1008 ; Mar. 22, 1935, ch. 39, title II, 49 Stat. 77 ). Language relating to seizures under warrant is in section 3107 of this title. Minor changes were made in phraseology particularly with respect to omission of provision covered by rule 5(a) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. AMENDMENTS 1951-Act Jan. 10, 1951, allowed F. B. I. personnel to make arrests without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Functions of all other officers of Department of Justice and functions of all agencies and employees of such Department, with a few exceptions, transferred to Attorney General, with power vested in him to authorize their performance or performance of any of his functions by any of such officers, agencies, and employees, by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1950, §§1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3173, 64 Stat. 1261, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3071 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3071: Information for which rewards authorized Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendmentsShort TitleMiscellaneous §3071. Information for which rewards authorized (a) With respect to acts of terrorism primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for the commission of an act of terrorism against a United States person or United States property; or (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of terrorism against a United States person or property; or (3) leading to the prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of an act of terrorism against a United States person or property. (b) With respect to acts of espionage involving or directed at the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for commission of an act of espionage against the United States; (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of espionage against the United States; or (3) leading to the prevention or frustration of an act of espionage against the United States. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 ; amended Pub. L. 103–359, title VIII, §803(a), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3438 .) AMENDMENTS 1994-Pub. L. 103–359 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 98–533, §1, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 , provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and section 2708 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, amending sections 2669, 2678 and 2704 of Title 22, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 5928 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2651 of Title 22] may be cited as the '1984 Act to Combat International Terrorism'." ATTORNEY GENERAL'S AUTHORITY TO PAY REWARDS TO COMBAT TERRORISM Pub. L. 107–56, title V, §501, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 363 , which provided that funds available to Attorney General could be used for payment of rewards to combat terrorism and defend Nation against terrorist acts, in accordance with procedures and regulations established or issued by Attorney General, and set forth conditions in making such rewards, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 . USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM------------------------------------------- << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3072 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3072: Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3072. Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness The Attorney General shall determine whether an individual furnishing information described in section 3071 is entitled to a reward and the amount to be paid. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707 ; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 .) AMENDMENTS 2002-Pub. L. 107–273, which directed amendment of section 3072 of chapter 203, was executed to this section, which is in chapter 204, by striking out at end "A reward under this section may be in an amount not to exceed $500,000. A reward of $100,000 or more may not be made without the approval of the President or the Attorney General personally. A determination made by the Attorney General or the President under this chapter shall be final and conclusive, and no court shall have power or jurisdiction to review it." USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM------------------------------------------- terrorism combat act 1984 PUBLIC LAW 98-533—OCT 19 1984 98 STAT (18 USC 3072) AND 1984ACT TO COMBAT INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM OCT 19, 1984 LEGISLATIVE HR 6311 (S 3037) 18 USC 3071 NOTE AND (CHAPTER 203) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD VOLUME 130 /1984 from katrine elizabeth sackett 32463 whitelady (5'3)(5'21/2) 7101 n ih 35 austin tx spring terrace apts donated old building for apt use social security clients and seniors and disabled and homeless and others by burger king near dennys in austin tx by st john and ih 35 austin tx find this information under google date feb 2019 Views: 724 Post type: Comment Post category: Books Author: lizy Website: techterm.com Address: 7101 North Interstate 35 Frontage Road Austin, TX 78752 United States << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 203 / § 3052 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3052: Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 203-ARREST AND COMMITMENT Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3052. Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation The Director, Associate Director, Assistant to the Director, Assistant Directors, inspectors, and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice may carry firearms, serve warrants and subpoenas issued under the authority of the United States and make arrests without warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing such felony. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 817 ; Jan. 10, 1951, ch. 1221, §1, 64 Stat. 1239 .) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 300a of title 5, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees (June 18, 1934, ch. 595, 48 Stat. 1008 ; Mar. 22, 1935, ch. 39, title II, 49 Stat. 77 ). Language relating to seizures under warrant is in section 3107 of this title. Minor changes were made in phraseology particularly with respect to omission of provision covered by rule 5(a) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. AMENDMENTS 1951-Act Jan. 10, 1951, allowed F. B. I. personnel to make arrests without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Functions of all other officers of Department of Justice and functions of all agencies and employees of such Department, with a few exceptions, transferred to Attorney General, with power vested in him to authorize their performance or performance of any of his functions by any of such officers, agencies, and employees, by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1950, §§1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3173, 64 Stat. 1261, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3071 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3071: Information for which rewards authorized Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendmentsShort TitleMiscellaneous §3071. Information for which rewards authorized (a) With respect to acts of terrorism primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for the commission of an act of terrorism against a United States person or United States property; or (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of terrorism against a United States person or property; or (3) leading to the prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of an act of terrorism against a United States person or property. (b) With respect to acts of espionage involving or directed at the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for commission of an act of espionage against the United States; (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of espionage against the United States; or (3) leading to the prevention or frustration of an act of espionage against the United States. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 ; amended Pub. L. 103–359, title VIII, §803(a), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3438 .) AMENDMENTS 1994-Pub. L. 103–359 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 98–533, §1, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 , provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and section 2708 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, amending sections 2669, 2678 and 2704 of Title 22, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 5928 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2651 of Title 22] may be cited as the '1984 Act to Combat International Terrorism'." ATTORNEY GENERAL'S AUTHORITY TO PAY REWARDS TO COMBAT TERRORISM Pub. L. 107–56, title V, §501, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 363 , which provided that funds available to Attorney General could be used for payment of rewards to combat terrorism and defend Nation against terrorist acts, in accordance with procedures and regulations established or issued by Attorney General, and set forth conditions in making such rewards, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 . USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM---------------------------------------------------------------------- << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3072 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3072: Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3072. Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness The Attorney General shall determine whether an individual furnishing information described in section 3071 is entitled to a reward and the amount to be paid. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707 ; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 .) AMENDMENTS 2002-Pub. L. 107–273, which directed amendment of section 3072 of chapter 203, was executed to this section, which is in chapter 204, by striking out at end "A reward under this section may be in an amount not to exceed $500,000. A reward of $100,000 or more may not be made without the approval of the President or the Attorney General personally. A determination made by the Attorney General or the President under this chapter shall be final and conclusive, and no court shall have power or jurisdiction to review it." USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM--------------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC LAW 98-533—OCT 19 1984 98 STAT (18 USC 3072) AND 1984ACT TO COMBAT INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM OCT 19, 1984 LEGISLATIVE HR 6311 (S 3037) 18 USC 3071 NOTE AND (CHAPTER 203) CONGRESS

<< Previous TITLE 10 / Subtitle A / PART II / CHAPTER 47 / SUBCHAPTER X / § 920 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [OLRC Home]Help 10 USC 920: Art. 120. Rape and sexual assault generallyText contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 10-ARMED FORCESSubtitle A-General Military LawPART II-PERSONNELCHAPTER 47-UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICESUBCHAPTER X-PUNITIVE ARTICLES Jump To: Source CreditFuture AmendmentsAmendmentsEffective DateMiscellaneous §920. Art. 120. Rape and sexual assault generally (a) Rape.-Any person subject to this chapter who commits a sexual act upon another person by- (1) using unlawful force against that other person; (2) using force causing or likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm to any person; (3) threatening or placing that other person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, grievous bodily harm, or kidnapping; (4) first rendering that other person unconscious; or (5) administering to that other person by force or threat of force, or without the knowledge or consent of that person, a drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance and thereby substantially impairing the ability of that other person to appraise or control conduct; is guilty of rape and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (b) Sexual Assault.-Any person subject to this chapter who- (1) commits a sexual act upon another person by- (A) threatening or placing that other person in fear; (B) causing bodily harm to that other person; (C) making a fraudulent representation that the sexual act serves a professional purpose; or (D) inducing a belief by any artifice, pretense, or concealment that the person is another person; (2) commits a sexual act upon another person when the person knows or reasonably should know that the other person is asleep, unconscious, or otherwise unaware that the sexual act is occurring; or (3) commits a sexual act upon another person when the other person is incapable of consenting to the sexual act due to- (A) impairment by any drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance, and that condition is known or reasonably should be known by the person; or (B) a mental disease or defect, or physical disability, and that condition is known or reasonably should be known by the person; is guilty of sexual assault and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (c) Aggravated Sexual Contact.-Any person subject to this chapter who commits or causes sexual contact upon or by another person, if to do so would violate subsection (a) (rape) had the sexual contact been a sexual act, is guilty of aggravated sexual contact and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (d) Abusive Sexual Contact.-Any person subject to this chapter who commits or causes sexual contact upon or by another person, if to do so would violate subsection (b) (sexual assault) had the sexual contact been a sexual act, is guilty of abusive sexual contact and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (e) Proof of Threat.-In a prosecution under this section, in proving that a person made a threat, it need not be proven that the person actually intended to carry out the threat or had the ability to carry out the threat. (f) Defenses.-An accused may raise any applicable defenses available under this chapter or the Rules for Court-Martial. Marriage is not a defense for any conduct in issue in any prosecution under this section. (g) Definitions.-In this section: (1) Sexual act.-The term "sexual act" means- (A) contact between the penis and the vulva or anus or mouth, and for purposes of this subparagraph contact involving the penis occurs upon penetration, however slight; or (B) the penetration, however slight, of the vulva or anus or mouth, of another by any part of the body or by any object, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade any person or to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. (2) Sexual contact.-The term "sexual contact" means- (A) touching, or causing another person to touch, either directly or through the clothing, the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of any person, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, or degrade any person; or (B) any touching, or causing another person to touch, either directly or through the clothing, any body part of any person, if done with an intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Touching may be accomplished by any part of the body. (3) Bodily harm.-The term "bodily harm" means any offensive touching of another, however slight, including any nonconsensual sexual act or nonconsensual sexual contact. (4) Grievous bodily harm.-The term "grievous bodily harm" means serious bodily injury. It includes fractured or dislocated bones, deep cuts, torn members of the body, serious damage to internal organs, and other severe bodily injuries. It does not include minor injuries such as a black eye or a bloody nose. (5) Force.-The term "force" means- (A) the use of a weapon; (B) the use of such physical strength or violence as is sufficient to overcome, restrain, or injure a person; or (C) inflicting physical harm sufficient to coerce or compel submission by the victim. (6) Unlawful force.-The term "unlawful force" means an act of force done without legal justification or excuse. (7) Threatening or placing that other person in fear.-The term "threatening or placing that other person in fear" means a communication or action that is of sufficient consequence to cause a reasonable fear that non-compliance will result in the victim or another person being subjected to the wrongful action contemplated by the communication or action. (8) Consent.- (A) The term "consent" means a freely given agreement to the conduct at issue by a competent person. An expression of lack of consent through words or conduct means there is no consent. Lack of verbal or physical resistance or submission resulting from the use of force, threat of force, or placing another person in fear does not constitute consent. A current or previous dating or social or sexual relationship by itself or the manner of dress of the person involved with the accused in the conduct at issue shall not constitute consent. (B) A sleeping, unconscious, or incompetent person cannot consent. A person cannot consent to force causing or likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm or to being rendered unconscious. A person cannot consent while under threat or in fear or under the circumstances described in subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (b)(1). (C) Lack of consent may be inferred based on the circumstances of the offense. All the surrounding circumstances are to be considered in determining whether a person gave consent, or whether a person did not resist or ceased to resist only because of another person's actions. (Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 73 ; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1066(c), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2506 ; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XI, §1113, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 462 ; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §552(a)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3256 ; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, §541(a), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1404 ; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(f)(9), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1952 ; Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, title LX, §5430(a), (b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2949 ; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(c)(1)(O), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1598 .) AMENDMENT OF SUBSECTIONS (B) AND (G) Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(c)(1)(O), (4), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1598 , 1599, provided that, effective immediately after the amendment made by section 5430(a), (b) of Pub. L. 114–328, see below, takes effect as provided for in section 5542 of that Act, subsection (g)(2) of this section is amended in the first sentence by striking "brest" and inserting "breast". See 2017 Amendment note below. For text of subsection (g)(2) after amendment by Pub. L. 114–328 on the effective date, see Amendment of Analysis and Subchapter note preceding section 877 of this title. Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, title LX, §5430(a), (b), title LXIII, §5542, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2949 , 2967, and Ex. Ord. No. 13825, Mar. 1, 2018, 83 F.R. 9889, made amendments to subsections (b) and (g) of this section effective, except as otherwise provided, on Jan. 1, 2019, as designated by the President, with implementing regulations and provisions relating to applicability to various situations. See 2016 Amendment notes below. For text of this section after amendment on the effective date, see Amendment of Analysis and Subchapter note preceding section 877 of this title. Historical and Revision Notes Revised section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 920(a) 920(b) 920(c) 50:714(a). 50:714(b). 50:714(c). May 5, 1950, ch. 169, §1 (Art. 120), 64 Stat. 140 . In subsection (c), the words "either of" are inserted for clarity. AMENDMENTS 2017-Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 115–91 substituted "breast" for "brest". 2016-Subsec. (b)(1)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(a)(1), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "causing bodily harm to that other person;". Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(a)(2), inserted dash after "another person", added subpar. (A), and inserted subpar. (B) designation before "when the person". Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) defined "sexual act". Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) defined "sexual contact". Subsec. (g)(3) to (6). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(3), redesignated pars. (4) to (7) as (3) to (6), respectively, and struck out former par. (3) which defined "bodily harm". Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(3)(B), redesignated par. (8) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (6). Subsec. (g)(7)(A). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(4)(A)(iii), substituted "does not" for "shall not" in last sentence. Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(4)(A)(i), (ii), which directed amendment of subpar. (A) by striking out "or submission resulting from the use of force, threat of force, or placing another in fear" in the second sentence and by inserting "Submission resulting from the use of force, threat of force, or placing another person in fear also does not constitute consent." after the second sentence, was executed by striking out "or submission resulting from the use of force, threat of force, or placing another person in fear" after "physical resistance" in the third sentence and by making the insertion after the third sentence, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (g)(7)(B). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(4)(B), which directed substitution of "subparagraph (B) or (C)" for "subparagraph (B) or (D)", was executed by making the substitution for "subparagraph (C) or (D)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (g)(7)(C). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(4)(C), struck out "Lack of consent may be inferred based on the circumstances of the offense." at beginning and ", or whether a person did not resist or ceased to resist only because of another person's actions" before period at end. Subsec. (g)(8). Pub. L. 114–328, §5430(b)(5), added par. (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (7). 2013-Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 112–239 struck out second period at end. 2011-Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(11), substituted "Art. 120. Rape and sexual assault generally" for "Art. 120. Rape, sexual assault, and other sexual misconduct" in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(1), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) related to rape. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and amended it generally. Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(2), struck out subsec. (b) which related to rape of a child. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(4), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c) and substituted "commits" for "engages in" and "upon" for "with". Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(5), redesignated subsec. (h) as (d) and substituted "commits" for "engages in", "upon" for "with", and "subsection (b) (sexual assault)" for "subsection (c) (aggravated sexual assault)". Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(2), struck out subsec. (d) which related to aggravated sexual assault of a child. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(7), redesignated subsec. (p) as (e) and substituted "a person made" for "the accused made" and "the person actually" for "the accused actually" and inserted "or had the ability to carry out the threat" before period at end. Former subsec. (e) redesignated (c). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(8), redesignated subsec. (q) as (f) and amended it generally. Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(2), struck out subsec. (f) which related to aggravated sexual abuse of a child. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(2), (10), redesignated subsec. (t) as (g) and struck out former subsec. (g) which related to aggravated sexual contact with a child. Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(A)(i), inserted "or anus or mouth" after "vulva". Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(A)(ii), substituted "vulva or anus or mouth," for "genital opening" and "any part of the body" for "a hand or finger". Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(B), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) defined "sexual contact". Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(D), redesignated par. (8) as (3) and inserted ", including any nonconsensual sexual act or nonconsensual sexual contact" before period at end. Former par. (3) redesignated (4). Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(E), struck out at end "It does not include minor injuries such as a black eye or a bloody nose. It is the same level of injury as in section 928 (article 128) of this chapter, and a lesser degree of injury than in section 2246(4) of title 18." Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(C), redesignated par. (3) as (4) and struck out former par. (4) which defined "dangerous weapon or object". Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(F), (H), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which defined "force". Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(H), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7). Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(G), (I), redesignated par. (6) as (7), struck out "under paragraph (3) of subsection (a) (rape), or under subsection (e) (aggravated sexual contact)," after "person in fear' ", and substituted "the wrongful action contemplated by the communication or action." for "death, grievous bodily harm, or kidnapping". Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(F), struck out par. (7) which defined "threatening or placing that other person in fear". Subsec. (g)(8). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(K), redesignated par. (14) as (8), designated introductory provisions as subpar. (A), in first sentence, struck out "words or overt acts indicating" before "a freely given" and "sexual" before "conduct", in third sentence, struck out "accused's" before "use of force", in fourth sentence, inserted "or social or sexual" before "relationship" and struck out "sexual" before "conduct" and last sentence, including subpars. (A) and (B), which related to a person who cannot consent to sexual activity, and added subpars. (B) and (C). Former par. (8) redesignated (3). Subsec. (g)(9) to (13). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(J), struck out pars. (9) to (13) which defined "child", "lewd act", "indecent liberty", "indecent conduct", and "act of prostitution", respectively. Subsec. (g)(14). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(K), redesignated par. (14) as (8). Subsec. (g)(15), (16). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10)(L), struck out pars. (15) and (16) which defined "mistake of fact as to consent" and "affirmative defense", respectively. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(5), redesignated subsec. (h) as (d). Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(2), struck out subsecs. (i) and (j) which related to abusive sexual contact with a child and indecent liberty with a child, respectively. Subsecs. (k) to (n). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(6), struck out subsecs. (k) to (n) which related to indecent act, forcible pandering, wrongful sexual contact, and indecent exposure, respectively. Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(2), struck out subsec. (o) which related to age of child. Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(7), redesignated subsec. (p) as (e). Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(8), redesignated subsec. (q) as (f). Subsecs. (r), (s). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(9), struck out subsecs. (r) and (s) which related to consent and mistake of fact as to consent and other affirmative defenses not precluded, respectively. Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 112–81, §541(a)(10), redesignated subsec. (t) as (g). 2006-Pub. L. 109–163 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to (t) relating to rape, sexual assault, and other sexual misconduct for subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to rape and carnal knowledge. 1996-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–106, §1113(a), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: "Any person subject to this chapter who, under circumstances not amounting to rape, commits an act of sexual intercourse with a female not his wife who has not attained the age of sixteen years, is guilty of carnal knowledge and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct." Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–106, §1113(b), added subsec. (d). 1992-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–484 struck out "with a female not his wife" after "intercourse" and "her" after "without". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 115–91 effective immediately after the amendments made by div. E (§§5001–5542) of Pub. L. 114–328 take effect as provided for in section 5542 of that Act (10 U.S.C. 801 note), see section 1081(c)(4) of Pub. L. 115–91, set out as a note under section 801 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2016 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 114–328 effective on Jan. 1, 2019, as designated by the President, with implementing regulations and provisions relating to applicability to various situations, see section 5542 of Pub. L. 114–328 and Ex. Ord. No. 13825, set out as notes under section 801 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2011 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 112–81 effective 180 days after Dec. 31, 2011, and applicable with respect to offenses committed on or after such effective date, see section 541(f) of Pub. L. 112–81, set out as a note under section 843 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2006 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §552(c), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3263 , provided that: "Section 920 of title 10, United States Code (article 120 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), as amended by subsection (a), shall apply with respect to offenses committed on or after the effective date specified in subsection (f) [see note below]." Amendment by Pub. L. 109–163 effective on Oct. 1, 2007, see section 552(f) of Pub. L. 109–163, set out as a note under section 843 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102–484 effective Oct. 23, 1992, and applicable with respect to offenses committed on or after that date, see section 1067 of Pub. L. 102–484, set out as a note under section 803 of this title. INTERIM MAXIMUM PUNISHMENTS Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §552(b), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3263 , provided that: "Until the President otherwise provides pursuant to section 856 of title 10, United States Code (article 56 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), the punishment which a court-martial may direct for an offense under section 920 of such title (article 120 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), as amended by subsection (a), may not exceed the following limits: "(1) Subsections (a) and (b).-For an offense under subsection (a) (rape) or subsection (b) (rape of a child), death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. "(2) Subsection (c).-For an offense under subsection (c) (aggravated sexual assault), dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 30 years. "(3) Subsections (d) and (e).-For an offense under subsection (d) (aggravated sexual assault of a child) or subsection (e) (aggravated sexual contact), dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 20 years. "(4) Subsections (f) and (g).-For an offense under subsection (f) (aggravated sexual abuse of a child) or subsection (g) (aggravated sexual contact with a child), dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 15 years. "(5) Subsections (h) through (j).-For an offense under subsection (h) (abusive sexual contact), subsection (i) (abusive sexual contact with a child), or subsection (j) (indecent liberty with a child), dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 7 years. "(6) Subsections (k) and (l).-For an offense under subsection (k) (indecent act) or subsection (l) (forcible pandering), dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 5 years. "(7) Subsections (m) and (n).-For an offense under subsection (m) (wrongful sexual contact) or subsection (n) (indecent exposure), dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for one year." [See 2011 Amendment notes above for extensive amendment of section 920 of title 10 by Pub. L. 112–81, effective 180 days after Dec. 31, 2011, and applicable with respect to offenses committed on or after such effective date.] _____________________________________________________________________ MILITARY CODE AND LAWS TO FOLLOW FOR MILITARY STAFF OR SOLDIERS 10 U.S. Code § 920 - Art. 120. Rape and sexual assault generally • U.S. Code • Notes • • Table of Popular Names prev | next (a)Rape.—Any person subject to this chapter who commits a sexual act upon another person by— (1) using unlawful force against that other person; (2) using force causing or likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm to any person; (3) threatening or placing that other person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, grievous bodily harm, or kidnapping; (4) first rendering that other person unconscious; or (5) administering to that other person by force or threat of force, or without the knowledge or consent of that person, a drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance and thereby substantially impairing the ability of that other person to appraise or control conduct; is guilty of rape and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (b)Sexual Assault.—Any person subject to this chapter who— (1) commits a sexual act upon another person by— (A) threatening or placing that other person in fear; (B) causing bodily harm to that other person; (C) making a fraudulent representation that the sexual act serves a professional purpose; or (D) inducing a belief by any artifice, pretense, or concealment that the person is another person; (2) commits a sexual act upon another person when the person knows or reasonably should know that the other person is asleep, unconscious, or otherwise unaware that the sexual act is occurring; or (3) commits a sexual act upon another person when the other person is incapable of consenting to the sexual act due to— (A) impairment by any drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance, and that condition is known or reasonably should be known by the person; or (B) a mental disease or defect, or physical disability, and that condition is known or reasonably should be known by the person; is guilty of sexual assault and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (c)Aggravated Sexual Contact.— Any person subject to this chapter who commits or causes sexual contact upon or by another person, if to do so would violate subsection (a) (rape) had the sexual contact been a sexual act, is guilty of aggravated sexual contact and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (d)Abusive Sexual Contact.— Any person subject to this chapter who commits or causes sexual contact upon or by another person, if to do so would violate subsection (b) (sexual assault) had the sexual contact been a sexual act, is guilty of abusive sexual contact and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (e)Proof of Threat.— In a prosecution under this section, in proving that a person made a threat, it need not be proven that the person actually intended to carry out the threat or had the ability to carry out the threat. (f)Defenses.— An accused may raise any applicable defenses available under this chapter or the Rules for Court-Martial. Marriage is not a defense for any conduct in issue in any prosecution under this section. (g)Definitions.—In this section: (1)Sexual act.—The term “sexual act” means— (A) contact between the penis and the vulva or anus or mouth, and for purposes of this subparagraph contact involving the penis occurs upon penetration, however slight; or (B) the penetration, however slight, of the vulva or anus or mouth, of another by any part of the body or by any object, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, or degrade any person or to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. (2)Sexual contact.—The term “sexual contact” means— (A) touching, or causing another person to touch, either directly or through the clothing, the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of any person, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, or degrade any person; or (B) any touching, or causing another person to touch, either directly or through the clothing, any body part of any person, if done with an intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Touching may be accomplished by any part of the body. (3)Bodily harm.— The term “bodily harm” means any offensive touching of another, however slight, including any nonconsensual sexual act or nonconsensual sexual contact. (4)Grievous bodily harm.— The term “grievous bodily harm” means serious bodily injury. It includes fractured or dislocated bones, deep cuts, torn members of the body, serious damage to internal organs, and other severe bodily injuries. It does not include minor injuries such as a black eye or a bloody nose. (5)Force.—The term “force” means— (A) the use of a weapon; (B) the use of such physical strength or violence as is sufficient to overcome, restrain, or injure a person; or (C) inflicting physical harm sufficient to coerce or compel submission by the victim. (6)Unlawful force.— The term “unlawful force” means an act of force done without legal justification or excuse. (7)Threatening or placing that other person in fear.— The term “threatening or placing that other person in fear” means a communication or action that is of sufficient consequence to cause a reasonable fear that non-compliance will result in the victim or another person being subjected to the wrongful action contemplated by the communication or action. (8)Consent.— (A) The term “consent” means a freely given agreement to the conduct at issue by a competent person. An expression of lack of consent through words or conduct means there is no consent. Lack of verbal or physical resistance or submission resulting from the use of force, threat of force, or placing another person in fear does not constitute consent. A current or previous dating or social or sexual relationship by itself or the manner of dress of the person involved with the accused in the conduct at issue shall not constitute consent. (B) A sleeping, unconscious, or incompetent person cannot consent. A person cannot consent to force causing or likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm or to being rendered unconscious. A person cannot consent while under threat or in fear or under the circumstances described in subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (b)(1). (C) Lack of consent may be inferred based on the circumstances of the offense. All the surrounding circumstances are to be considered in determining whether a person gave consent, or whether a person did not resist or ceased to resist only because of another person’s actions. (Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 73; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, § 1066(c), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2506; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XI, § 1113, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 462; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, § 552(a)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3256; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, § 541(a), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1404; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(f)(9), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1952; Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, title LX, § 5430(a), (b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2949; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, § 1081(c)(1)(O), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1598.) _________________________________________________________________________ You are here Home » Criminal Division » About The Criminal Division » Sections/Offices » Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) » Citizen's Guide To U.S. Federal Child Exploitation And Obscenity Laws Share Menu Criminal Child Exploitation and Obsenity Section (CEOS)  Report Violations CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON THE EXTRATERRITORIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN 18 U.S.C. § 2423(d): Travel with intent to engage in illicit sexual conduct 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c): Engaging in illicit sexual conduct in foreign places 18 U.S.C. § 2423(d): Ancillary Offenses 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(c) and 2260(a): Production of Child Pornography outside the United States 18 U.S.C. § 1591: Sex Trafficking of children by force, fraud, or coercion 18 U.S.C. § 1596: Additional jurisdiction in certain trafficking offenses Federal law provides “extraterritorial jurisdiction” over certain sex offenses against children. Extraterritorial jurisdiction is the legal authority of the United States to prosecute criminal conduct that took place outside its borders. Section 2423(c) of Title 18, United States Code, prohibits United States citizens or legal permanent residents from traveling from the United States to a foreign country, and while there, raping or sexually molesting a child or paying a child for sex. Citizens can be punished under this law even if the conduct they engaged in was legal in the country where it occurred. For example, if an individual traveled to a country that had legalized prostitution, and while they were there they paid a child for sex, that individual could still be convicted under this statute. The penalty for this provision is up to 30 years in prison. Section 2423(b) of Title 18, United States Code, is a similar provision. Section 2423(b) makes it a crime for United States citizens or legal permanent residents to travel from the United States to a foreign country with the intent to engage in illegal sexual conduct with a child such as rape, molestation, or prostitution. The difference between Section 2423(b) and Section 2423(c) is that Section 2423(b) statute requires proof that the defendant had formed his criminal intent at the time he began to travel. The penalty for this offense is also up to 30 years in prison. Finally, Section 2423(d) makes it a crime to be what is known informally as being a “child sex tour operator.” This statute makes it an offense to profit by facilitating the travel of U.S. Citizens or legal permanent residents, knowing that they are traveling for the purpose of engaging in illegal sex with a minor. The penalty for this offense is up to 30 years in prison. There are also some child pornography laws that apply to conduct overseas. Sections 2251(c) and 2260(a) of Title 18, United States Code both make it a crime for anyone to produce child pornography in foreign countries if they import the child abuse images into the United States, or if they intend to do so. The penalty for a first time offender under these statutes is at least 15 years, up to a maximum of 30 years in prison. Finally, 18 U.S.C. § 1596 grants extraterritorial jurisdiction over 18 U.S.C. § 1591 (Sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, or coercion). In this instance, this means that federal prosecutors can investigate and prosecute foreign nationals who commit sex trafficking crimes against children outside the United States. Section 1596 also allows the federal government to investigate and prosecute U.S. nationals and residents who commit child sex trafficking crimes in foreign countries (For more information on 18 U.S.C. § 1591, see Citizen’s Guide to U.S. Federal Law on the Prostitution of Children). For all of these statutes, a child is considered to be anyone under the age of 18. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Extraterritorial Sexual Exploitation of Children • Citizen’s Guide to U.S. Federal Law on the Prostitution of Children • The PROTECT Act of 2003 • Report Violations • FAQs Updated July 6, 2015 Was this page helpful? Yes No Leadership Steven J. Grocki Chief, Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section Contact CEOS Direct Line (202) 514-5780 JUSTICE.GOV __________________________________________________________________  FAQs  Report Violations CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO U.S. FEDERAL LAW ON CHILD PORNOGRAPHY 18 U.S.C. § 2251- Sexual Exploitation of Children (Production of child pornography) 18 U.S.C. § 2251A- Selling and Buying of Children 18 U.S.C. § 2252- Certain activities relating to material involving the sexual exploitation of minors (Possession, distribution and receipt of child pornography) 18 U.S.C. § 2252A- certain activities relating to material constituting or containing child pornography 18 U.S.C. § 2256- Definitions 18 U.S.C. § 2260- Production of sexually explicit depictions of a minor for importation into the United States Images of child pornography are not protected under First Amendment rights, and are illegal contraband under federal law. Section 2256 of Title 18, United States Code, defines child pornography as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor (someone under 18 years of age). Visual depictions include photographs, videos, digital or computer generated images indistinguishable from an actual minor, and images created, adapted, or modified, but appear to depict an identifiable, actual minor. Undeveloped film, undeveloped videotape, and electronically stored data that can be converted into a visual image of child pornography are also deemed illegal visual depictions under federal law. Notably, the legal definition of sexually explicit conduct does not require that an image depict a child engaging in sexual activity. A picture of a naked child may constitute illegal child pornography if it is sufficiently sexually suggestive. Additionally, the age of consent for sexual activity in a given state is irrelevant; any depiction of a minor under 18 years of age engaging in sexually explicit conduct is illegal. Federal law prohibits the production, distribution, reception, and possession of an image of child pornography using or affecting any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce (See 18 U.S.C. § 2251; 18 U.S.C. § 2252; 18 U.S.C. § 2252A). Specifically, Section 2251 makes it illegal to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for purposes of producing visual depictions of that conduct. Any individual who attempts or conspires to commit a child pornography offense is also subject to prosecution under federal law. Federal jurisdiction is implicated if the child pornography offense occurred in interstate or foreign commerce. This includes, for example, using the U.S. Mails or common carriers to transport child pornography across state or international borders. Additionally, federal jurisdiction almost always applies when the Internet is used to commit a child pornography violation. Even if the child pornography image itself did not travel across state or international borders, federal law may be implicated if the materials, such as the computer used to download the image or the CD-ROM used to store the image, originated or previously traveled in interstate or foreign commerce. In addition, Section 2251A of Title 18, United States Code, specifically prohibits any parent, legal guardian or other person in custody or control of a minor under the age of 18, to buy, sell, or transfer custody of that minor for purposes of producing child pornography. Lastly, Section 2260 of Title 18, United States Code, prohibits any persons outside of the United States to knowingly produce, receive, transport, ship, or distribute child pornography with intent to import or transmit the visual depiction into the United States. Any violation of federal child pornography law is a serious crime, and convicted offenders face severe statutory penalties. For example, a first time offender convicted of producing child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2251, face fines and a statutory minimum of 15 years to 30 years maximum in prison. A first time offender convicted of transporting child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce under 18 U.S.C. § 2252, faces fines and a statutory minimum of 5 years to 20 years maximum in prison. Convicted offenders may face harsher penalties if the offender has prior convictions or if the child pornography offense occurred in aggravated situations defined as (i) the images are violent, sadistic, or masochistic in nature, (ii) the minor was sexually abused, or (iii) the offender has prior convictions for child sexual exploitation. In these circumstances, a convicted offender may face up to life imprisonment. It is important to note that an offender can be prosecuted under state child pornography laws in addition to, or instead of, federal law. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Child Pornography • Report Violations • FAQs Updated December 12, 2017 Was this page helpful? Yes No Leadership Steven J. Grocki Chief, Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section ____________________________________________________________________ terrorism combat act << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 203 / § 3052 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3052: Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 203-ARREST AND COMMITMENT Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3052. Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation The Director, Associate Director, Assistant to the Director, Assistant Directors, inspectors, and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice may carry firearms, serve warrants and subpoenas issued under the authority of the United States and make arrests without warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing such felony. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 817 ; Jan. 10, 1951, ch. 1221, §1, 64 Stat. 1239 .) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 300a of title 5, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees (June 18, 1934, ch. 595, 48 Stat. 1008 ; Mar. 22, 1935, ch. 39, title II, 49 Stat. 77 ). Language relating to seizures under warrant is in section 3107 of this title. Minor changes were made in phraseology particularly with respect to omission of provision covered by rule 5(a) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. AMENDMENTS 1951-Act Jan. 10, 1951, allowed F. B. I. personnel to make arrests without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Functions of all other officers of Department of Justice and functions of all agencies and employees of such Department, with a few exceptions, transferred to Attorney General, with power vested in him to authorize their performance or performance of any of his functions by any of such officers, agencies, and employees, by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1950, §§1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3173, 64 Stat. 1261, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3071 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3071: Information for which rewards authorized Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendmentsShort TitleMiscellaneous §3071. Information for which rewards authorized (a) With respect to acts of terrorism primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for the commission of an act of terrorism against a United States person or United States property; or (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of terrorism against a United States person or property; or (3) leading to the prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of an act of terrorism against a United States person or property. (b) With respect to acts of espionage involving or directed at the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for commission of an act of espionage against the United States; (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of espionage against the United States; or (3) leading to the prevention or frustration of an act of espionage against the United States. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 ; amended Pub. L. 103–359, title VIII, §803(a), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3438 .) AMENDMENTS 1994-Pub. L. 103–359 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 98–533, §1, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 , provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and section 2708 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, amending sections 2669, 2678 and 2704 of Title 22, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 5928 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2651 of Title 22] may be cited as the '1984 Act to Combat International Terrorism'." ATTORNEY GENERAL'S AUTHORITY TO PAY REWARDS TO COMBAT TERRORISM Pub. L. 107–56, title V, §501, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 363 , which provided that funds available to Attorney General could be used for payment of rewards to combat terrorism and defend Nation against terrorist acts, in accordance with procedures and regulations established or issued by Attorney General, and set forth conditions in making such rewards, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 . USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM------------------------------------------- << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3072 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3072: Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3072. Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness The Attorney General shall determine whether an individual furnishing information described in section 3071 is entitled to a reward and the amount to be paid. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707 ; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 .) AMENDMENTS 2002-Pub. L. 107–273, which directed amendment of section 3072 of chapter 203, was executed to this section, which is in chapter 204, by striking out at end "A reward under this section may be in an amount not to exceed $500,000. A reward of $100,000 or more may not be made without the approval of the President or the Attorney General personally. A determination made by the Attorney General or the President under this chapter shall be final and conclusive, and no court shall have power or jurisdiction to review it." USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM------------------------------------------- terrorism combat act 1984 PUBLIC LAW 98-533—OCT 19 1984 98 STAT (18 USC 3072) AND 1984ACT TO COMBAT INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM OCT 19, 1984 LEGISLATIVE HR 6311 (S 3037) 18 USC 3071 NOTE AND (CHAPTER 203) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD VOLUME 130 /1984 from katrine elizabeth sackett 32463 whitelady (5'3)(5'21/2) 7101 n ih 35 austin tx spring terrace apts donated old building for apt use social security clients and seniors and disabled and homeless and others by burger king near dennys in austin tx by st john and ih 35 austin tx find this information under google date feb 2019 Views: 724 Post type: Comment Post category: Books Author: lizy Website: techterm.com Address: 7101 North Interstate 35 Frontage Road Austin, TX 78752 United States << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 203 / § 3052 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3052: Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 203-ARREST AND COMMITMENT Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3052. Powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation The Director, Associate Director, Assistant to the Director, Assistant Directors, inspectors, and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice may carry firearms, serve warrants and subpoenas issued under the authority of the United States and make arrests without warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing such felony. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 817 ; Jan. 10, 1951, ch. 1221, §1, 64 Stat. 1239 .) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 300a of title 5, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees (June 18, 1934, ch. 595, 48 Stat. 1008 ; Mar. 22, 1935, ch. 39, title II, 49 Stat. 77 ). Language relating to seizures under warrant is in section 3107 of this title. Minor changes were made in phraseology particularly with respect to omission of provision covered by rule 5(a) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. AMENDMENTS 1951-Act Jan. 10, 1951, allowed F. B. I. personnel to make arrests without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in their presence. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Functions of all other officers of Department of Justice and functions of all agencies and employees of such Department, with a few exceptions, transferred to Attorney General, with power vested in him to authorize their performance or performance of any of his functions by any of such officers, agencies, and employees, by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1950, §§1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3173, 64 Stat. 1261, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3071 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3071: Information for which rewards authorized Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendmentsShort TitleMiscellaneous §3071. Information for which rewards authorized (a) With respect to acts of terrorism primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for the commission of an act of terrorism against a United States person or United States property; or (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of terrorism against a United States person or property; or (3) leading to the prevention, frustration, or favorable resolution of an act of terrorism against a United States person or property. (b) With respect to acts of espionage involving or directed at the United States, the Attorney General may reward any individual who furnishes information- (1) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for commission of an act of espionage against the United States; (2) leading to the arrest or conviction, in any country, of any individual or individuals for conspiring or attempting to commit an act of espionage against the United States; or (3) leading to the prevention or frustration of an act of espionage against the United States. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 ; amended Pub. L. 103–359, title VIII, §803(a), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3438 .) AMENDMENTS 1994-Pub. L. 103–359 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 98–533, §1, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706 , provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and section 2708 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, amending sections 2669, 2678 and 2704 of Title 22, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 5928 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2651 of Title 22] may be cited as the '1984 Act to Combat International Terrorism'." ATTORNEY GENERAL'S AUTHORITY TO PAY REWARDS TO COMBAT TERRORISM Pub. L. 107–56, title V, §501, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 363 , which provided that funds available to Attorney General could be used for payment of rewards to combat terrorism and defend Nation against terrorist acts, in accordance with procedures and regulations established or issued by Attorney General, and set forth conditions in making such rewards, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 . USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM---------------------------------------------------------------------- << Previous TITLE 18 / PART II / CHAPTER 204 / § 3072 Next >> [Print] [Print selection] [Close]Help 18 USC 3072: Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness Text contains those laws in effect on February 9, 2019 From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 204-REWARDS FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TERRORIST ACTS AND ESPIONAGE Jump To: Source CreditAmendments §3072. Determination of entitlement; maximum amount; Presidential approval; conclusiveness The Attorney General shall determine whether an individual furnishing information described in section 3071 is entitled to a reward and the amount to be paid. (Added Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707 ; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, §301(c)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1781 .) AMENDMENTS 2002-Pub. L. 107–273, which directed amendment of section 3072 of chapter 203, was executed to this section, which is in chapter 204, by striking out at end "A reward under this section may be in an amount not to exceed $500,000. A reward of $100,000 or more may not be made without the approval of the President or the Attorney General personally. A determination made by the Attorney General or the President under this chapter shall be final and conclusive, and no court shall have power or jurisdiction to review it." USCODE.HOUSE.GOV.STATEVIEWER.HTM--------------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC LAW 98-533—OCT 19 1984 98 STAT (18 USC 3072) AND 1984ACT TO COMBAT INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM OCT 19, 1984 LEGISLATIVE HR 6311 (S 3037) 18 USC 3071 NOTE AND (CHAPTER 203) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Texas Penal Code - PENAL § 22.011. Sexual Assault Search Texas Statutes • Search by Keyword or Citation Search « Prfind this in ev Next » Find this in vernons penal codes of texas in the law library the help center In Austin texas and in c’conners texas criminal codes page 979 ch 22 22.01-22.011 but think that the erroneous admission of this prior family assault conviction negatively influenced the jury’s verdict lesser-included offenses in re S.D.W. 811 S.W. 2d 739 752 (tex app-houston(1st dist) 1991 no pet assault is a lesser included offense of aggravated robbery the amended text in 22.011 is effective for offenses committed on or after sept 1 2017 offenses in which any element of the offense waw committed before sept 1 2017 are governed by the former law in effect at that time for a quick reference of penalties see chart penalties for penal code violations page 853 (a) A person commits an offense if : (1) the person intentionally or knowingly: (A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of another person by any means, without that person's consent; (B) causes the penetration of the mouth of another person by the sexual organ of the actor, without that person's consent;  or (C) causes the sexual organ of another person, without that person's consent, to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor;  or (2) regardless of whether the person knows the age of the child at the time of the offense, the personintentionally or knowingly: (A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of a child by any means; (B) causes the penetration of the mouth of a child by the sexual organ of the actor; (C) causes the sexual organ of a child to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor; (D) causes the anus of a child to contact the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor;  or (E) causes the mouth of a child to contact the anus or sexual organ of another person, including the actor. (b) A sexual assault under Subsection (a)(1) is without the consent of the other person if: (1) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by the use of physical force, violence, or coercion; (2) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by threatening to use force or violence against the other person or to cause harm to the other person, and the other person believes that the actor has the present ability to execute the threat; (3) the other person has not consented and the actor knows the other person is unconscious or physically unable to resist; (4) the actor knows that as a result of mental disease or defect the other person is at the time of the sexual assault incapable either of appraising the nature of the act or of resisting it; (5) the other person has not consented and the actor knows the other person is unaware that the sexual assault is occurring; (6) the actor has intentionally impaired the other person's power to appraise or control the other person's conduct by administering any substance without the other person's knowledge; (7) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by threatening to use force or violence against any person, and the other person believes that the actor has the ability to execute the threat; (8) the actor is a public servant who coerces the other person to submit or participate; (9) the actor is a mental health services provider or a health care services provider who causes the other person, who is a patient or former patient of the actor, to submit or participate by exploiting the other person's emotional dependency on the actor; (10) the actor is a clergyman who causes the other person to submit or participate by exploiting the other person's emotional dependency on the clergyman in the clergyman's professional character as spiritual adviser;  or (11) the actor is an employee of a facility where the other person is a resident, unless the employee and resident are formally or informally married to each other under Chapter 2, Family Code. (c) In this section: (1) “Child” means a person younger than 17 years of age. (2) “Spouse” means a person who is legally married to another. (3) “Health care services provider” means: (A) a physician licensed under Subtitle B, Title 3, Occupations Code;  1 (B) a chiropractor licensed under Chapter 201, Occupations Code; (C) a physical therapist licensed under Chapter 453, Occupations Code; (D) a physician assistant licensed under Chapter 204, Occupations Code;  or (E) a registered nurse, a vocational nurse, or an advanced practice nurse licensed under Chapter 301, Occupations Code. (4) “Mental health services provider” means an individual, licensed or unlicensed, who performs or purports to perform mental health services, including a: (A) licensed social worker as defined by Section 505.002, Occupations Code ; (B) chemical dependency counselor as defined by Section 504.001, Occupations Code ; (C) licensed professional counselor as defined by Section 503.002, Occupations Code ; (D) licensed marriage and family therapist as defined by Section 502.002, Occupations Code ; (E) member of the clergy; (F) psychologist offering psychological services as defined by Section 501.003, Occupations Code ;  or (G) special officer for mental health assignment certified under Section 1701.404, Occupations Code. (5) “Employee of a facility” means a person who is an employee of a facility defined by Section 250.001, Health and Safety Code , or any other person who provides services for a facility for compensation, including a contract laborer. (d) It is a defense to prosecution under Subsection (a)(2) that the conduct consisted of medical care for the child and did not include any contact between the anus or sexual organ of the child and the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor or a third party. (e) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under Subsection (a)(2): (1) that the actor was the spouse of the child at the time of the offense;  or (2) that: (A) the actor was not more than three years older than the victim and at the time of the offense: (i) was not required under Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure, to register for life as a sex offender;  or (ii) was not a person who under Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure, had a reportable conviction or adjudication for an offense under this section;  and (B) the victim: (i) was a child of 14 years of age or older;  and (ii) was not a person whom the actor was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the actor was prohibited from living under the appearance of being married under Section 25.01 . (f) An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree, except that an offense under this section is a felony of the first degree if the victim was a person whom the actor was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the actor was prohibited from living under the appearance of being married under Section 25.01 . 1 V.T.C.A., Occupations Code § 151.001 et seq. « Prev Next » Read this complete Texas Penal Code - PENAL § 22.011. Sexual Assault on Westlaw FindLaw Codes are provided courtesy of Thomson Reuters Westlaw, the industry-leading online legal research system. For more detailed codes research information, including annotations and citations, please visit Westlaw. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. Please verify the status of the code you are researching with the state legislature or via Westlaw before relying on it for your legal needs. Are you an attorney? Add your profile LOG IN SIGN UP • Legal Topics • Research Laws • Find a Lawyer • Legal Forms Texas Codes > Penal Code > Title 5 > Chapter 22 > § 22.01 Texas Penal Code 22.01 – Assault Current as of: 2018 | Check for updates | Other versions (a) A person commits an offense if the person: (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person’s spouse; (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury, including the person’s spouse; or (3) intentionally or knowingly causes physical contact with another when the person knows or should reasonably believe that the other will regard the contact as offensive or provocative. (b) An offense under Subsection (a)(1) is a Class A misdemeanor, except that the offense is a felony of the third degree if the offense is committed against: (1) a person the actor knows is a public servant while the public servant is lawfully discharging an official duty, or in retaliation or on account of an exercise of official power or performance of an official duty as a public servant; (2) a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code, if: (A) it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant has been previously convicted of an offense under this chapter, Chapter 19, or Section 20.03, 20.04, 21.11, or 25.11 against a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code; or (B) the offense is committed by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood of the person by applying pressure to the person’s throat or neck or by blocking the person’s nose or mouth; (3) a person who contracts with government to perform a service in a facility as defined by Section 1.07(a)(14), Penal Code, or Section 51.02(13) or (14), Family Code, or an employee of that person: (A) while the person or employee is engaged in performing a service within the scope of the contract, if the actor knows the person or employee is authorized by government to provide the service; or (B) in retaliation for or on account of the person’s or employee’s performance of a service within the scope of the contract; (4) a person the actor knows is a security officer while the officer is performing a duty as a security officer; (5) a person the actor knows is emergency services personnel while the person is providing emergency services; or (6) a pregnant individual to force the individual to have an abortion. Terms Used In Texas Penal Code 22.01 • Actor: means a person whose criminal responsibility is in issue in a criminal action. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Another: means a person other than the actor. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Association: means a government or governmental subdivision or agency, trust, partnership, or two or more persons having a joint or common economic interest. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Bodily injury: means physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Civil commitment facility: means a facility owned, leased, or operated by the state, or by a vendor under contract with the state, that houses only persons who have been civilly committed as sexually violent predators under Chapter Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Felony: means an offense so designated by law or punishable by death or confinement in a penitentiary. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Government: means : (A) the state; (B) a county, municipality, or political subdivision of the state; or (C) any branch or agency of the state, a county, municipality, or political subdivision. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Individual: means a human being who is alive, including an unborn child at every stage of gestation from fertilization until birth. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Misdemeanor: means an offense so designated by law or punishable by fine, by confinement in jail, or by both fine and confinement in jail. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Person: means an individual, corporation, or association. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 • Public servant: means a person elected, selected, appointed, employed, or otherwise designated as one of the following, even if he has not yet qualified for office or assumed his duties: (A) an officer, employee, or agent of government; (B) a juror or grand juror; or (C) an arbitrator, referee, or other person who is authorized by law or private written agreement to hear or determine a cause or controversy; or (D) an attorney at law or notary public when participating in the performance of a governmental function; or (E) a candidate for nomination or election to public office; or (F) a person who is performing a governmental function under a claim of right although he is not legally qualified to do so. See Texas Estates Code 505.051 (b-1) Notwithstanding Subsection (b), an offense under Subsection (a)(1) is a felony of the third degree if the offense is committed: (1) while the actor is committed to a civil commitment facility; and (2) against: (A) an officer or employee of the Texas Civil Commitment Office: (i) while the officer or employee is lawfully discharging an official duty at a civil commitment facility; or (ii) in retaliation for or on account of an exercise of official power or performance of an official duty by the officer or employee; or (B) a person who contracts with the state to perform a service in a civil commitment facility or an employee of that person: (i) while the person or employee is engaged in performing a service within the scope of the contract, if the actor knows the person or employee is authorized by the state to provide the service; or (ii) in retaliation for or on account of the person’s or employee’s performance of a service within the scope of the contract. Previous section Next section Texas Penal Code - PENAL § 22.011. Sexual Assault Search Texas Statutes • Search by Keyword or Citation Search « Prev Next » (a) A person commits an offense if : (1) the person intentionally or knowingly: (A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of another person by any means, without that person's consent; (B) causes the penetration of the mouth of another person by the sexual organ of the actor, without that person's consent;  or (C) causes the sexual organ of another person, without that person's consent, to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor;  or (2) regardless of whether the person knows the age of the child at the time of the offense, the personintentionally or knowingly: (A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of a child by any means; (B) causes the penetration of the mouth of a child by the sexual organ of the actor; (C) causes the sexual organ of a child to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor; (D) causes the anus of a child to contact the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor;  or (E) causes the mouth of a child to contact the anus or sexual organ of another person, including the actor. (b) A sexual assault under Subsection (a)(1) is without the consent of the other person if: (1) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by the use of physical force, violence, or coercion; (2) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by threatening to use force or violence against the other person or to cause harm to the other person, and the other person believes that the actor has the present ability to execute the threat; (3) the other person has not consented and the actor knows the other person is unconscious or physically unable to resist; (4) the actor knows that as a result of mental disease or defect the other person is at the time of the sexual assault incapable either of appraising the nature of the act or of resisting it; (5) the other person has not consented and the actor knows the other person is unaware that the sexual assault is occurring; (6) the actor has intentionally impaired the other person's power to appraise or control the other person's conduct by administering any substance without the other person's knowledge; (7) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by threatening to use force or violence against any person, and the other person believes that the actor has the ability to execute the threat; (8) the actor is a public servant who coerces the other person to submit or participate; (9) the actor is a mental health services provider or a health care services provider who causes the other person, who is a patient or former patient of the actor, to submit or participate by exploiting the other person's emotional dependency on the actor; (10) the actor is a clergyman who causes the other person to submit or participate by exploiting the other person's emotional dependency on the clergyman in the clergyman's professional character as spiritual adviser;  or (11) the actor is an employee of a facility where the other person is a resident, unless the employee and resident are formally or informally married to each other under Chapter 2, Family Code. (c) In this section: (1) “Child” means a person younger than 17 years of age. (2) “Spouse” means a person who is legally married to another. (3) “Health care services provider” means: (A) a physician licensed under Subtitle B, Title 3, Occupations Code;  1 (B) a chiropractor licensed under Chapter 201, Occupations Code; (C) a physical therapist licensed under Chapter 453, Occupations Code; (D) a physician assistant licensed under Chapter 204, Occupations Code;  or (E) a registered nurse, a vocational nurse, or an advanced practice nurse licensed under Chapter 301, Occupations Code. (4) “Mental health services provider” means an individual, licensed or unlicensed, who performs or purports to perform mental health services, including a: (A) licensed social worker as defined by Section 505.002, Occupations Code ; (B) chemical dependency counselor as defined by Section 504.001, Occupations Code ; (C) licensed professional counselor as defined by Section 503.002, Occupations Code ; (D) licensed marriage and family therapist as defined by Section 502.002, Occupations Code ; (E) member of the clergy; (F) psychologist offering psychological services as defined by Section 501.003, Occupations Code ;  or (G) special officer for mental health assignment certified under Section 1701.404, Occupations Code. (5) “Employee of a facility” means a person who is an employee of a facility defined by Section 250.001, Health and Safety Code , or any other person who provides services for a facility for compensation, including a contract laborer. (d) It is a defense to prosecution under Subsection (a)(2) that the conduct consisted of medical care for the child and did not include any contact between the anus or sexual organ of the child and the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor or a third party. (e) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under Subsection (a)(2): (1) that the actor was the spouse of the child at the time of the offense;  or (2) that: (A) the actor was not more than three years older than the victim and at the time of the offense: (i) was not required under Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure, to register for life as a sex offender;  or (ii) was not a person who under Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure, had a reportable conviction or adjudication for an offense under this section;  and (B) the victim: (i) was a child of 14 years of age or older;  and (ii) was not a person whom the actor was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the actor was prohibited from living under the appearance of being married under Section 25.01 . (f) An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree, except that an offense under this section is a felony of the first degree if the victim was a person whom the actor was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the actor was prohibited from living under the appearance of being married under Section 25.01 . 1 V.T.C.A., Occupations Code § 151.001 et seq. « Prev Read this complete Texas Penal Code - PENAL § 22.011. Sexual Assault on Westlaw FindLaw Codes are provided courtesy of Thomson Reuters Westlaw, the industry-leading online legal research system. For more detailed codes research information, including annotations and citations, please visit Westlaw. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. Please verify the status of the code you are researching with the state legislature or via Westlaw before relying on it for your legal needs. G-57.1 Attachment A Reviewed: 10/18 1 PENAL CODE CHAPTER 22. ASSAULTIVE OFFENSES § 22.011. SEXUAL ASSAULT. (a) A person commits an offense if the person: (1) intentionally or knowingly: (A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of another person by any means, without that person's consent; (B) causes the penetration of the mouth of another person by the sexual organ of the actor, without that person's consent; or (C) causes the sexual organ of another person, without that person's consent, to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor; or (2) intentionally or knowingly: (A) causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of a child by any means; (B) causes the penetration of the mouth of a child by the sexual organ of the actor; (C) causes the sexual organ of a child to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor; (D) causes the anus of a child to contact the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the actor; or (E) causes the mouth of a child to contact the anus or sexual organ of another person, including the actor. (b) A sexual assault under Subsection (a)(1) is without the consent of the other person if: (1) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by the use of physical force or violence; (2) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by threatening to use force or violence against the G-57.1 Attachment A Reviewed: 10/18 2 other person, and the other person believes that the actor has the present ability to execute the threat; (3) the other person has not consented and the actor knows the other person is unconscious or physically unable to resist; (4) the actor knows that as a result of mental disease or defect the other person is at the time of the sexual assault incapable either of appraising the nature of the act or of resisting it; (5) the other person has not consented and the actor knows the other person is unaware that the sexual assault is occurring; (6) the actor has intentionally impaired the other person's power to appraise or control the other person's conduct by administering any substance without the other person's knowledge; (7) the actor compels the other person to submit or participate by threatening to use force or violence against any person, and the other person believes that the actor has the ability to execute the threat; (8) the actor is a public servant who coerces the other person to submit or participate; (9) the actor is a mental health services provider or a health care services provider who causes the other person, who is a patient or former patient of the actor, to submit or participate by exploiting the other person's emotional dependency on the actor; (10) the actor is a clergyman who causes the other person to submit or participate by exploiting the other person's emotional dependency on the clergyman in the clergyman's professional character as spiritual adviser; or (11) the actor is an employee of a facility where the other person is a resident, unless the employee and resident are formally or informally married to each other under Chapter 2, Family Code. (c) In this section: G-57.1 Attachment A Reviewed: 10/18 3 (1) "Child" means a person younger than 17 years of age who is not the spouse of the actor. (2) "Spouse" means a person who is legally married to another. (3) "Health care services provider" means: (A) a physician licensed under Subtitle B, Title 3, Occupations Code; (B) a chiropractor licensed under Chapter 201, Occupations Code; (C) a physical therapist licensed under Chapter 453, Occupations Code; (D) a physician assistant licensed under Chapter 204, Occupations Code; or (E) a registered nurse, a vocational nurse, or an advanced practice nurse licensed under Chapter 301, Occupations Code. (4) "Mental health services provider" means an individual, licensed or unlicensed, who performs or purports to perform mental health services, including a: (A) licensed social worker as defined by Section 505.002, Occupations Code; (B) chemical dependency counselor as defined by Section 504.001, Occupations Code; (C) licensed professional counselor as defined by Section 503.002, Occupations Code; (D) licensed marriage and family therapist as defined by Section 502.002, Occupations Code; (E) member of the clergy; (F) psychologist offering psychological services as defined by Section 501.003, Occupations Code; or (G) special officer for mental health assignment certified under Section 1701.404, Occupations Code. (5) "Employee of a facility" means a person who is an employee of a facility defined by Section 250.001, Health and Safety Code, or any other person who provides services for a facility for compensation, including a contract laborer. (d) It is a defense to prosecution under Subsection (a)(2) that the conduct consisted of medical care for the child and did not include any contact between the anus or sexual organ of the child G-57.1 Attachment A Reviewed: 10/18 4 and the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor or a third party. (e) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under Subsection (a)(2) that: (1) the actor was not more than three years older than the victim and at the time of the offense: (A) was not required under Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure, to register for life as a sex offender; or (B) was not a person who under Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure, had a reportable conviction or adjudication for an offense under this section; and (2) the victim: (A) was a child of 14 years of age or older; and (B) was not a person whom the actor was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the actor was prohibited from living under the appearance of being married under Section 25.01. (f) An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree, except that an offense under this section is a felony of the first degree if the victim was a person whom the actor was prohibited from marrying or purporting to marry or with whom the actor was prohibited from living under the appearance of being married under Section 25.01. Added by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 5312, ch. 977, § 3, eff. Sept. 1, 1983. Amended by Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 557, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985; Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 1029, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987; Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 662, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1991; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, § 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 273, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 318, § 6, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1031, § 1, 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1286, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1102, § 3, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1415, § 24, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1420, § 14.829, eff. Sept. 1, 2001; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 155, § 1, 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2003; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 528, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2003; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 553, § 2.017, eff. Feb. G-57.1 Attachment A Reviewed: 10/18 5 1, 2004; Acts 2005, 79th Leg., ch. 268, § 4.02, eff. Sept. 1, 2005 from katrine elizabeth sackett32463whitelady(5'3)(5'21/2) information found in books law books in help center law library in austin tx vernons penal codes and o'conners criminal codes penalties for penal codes violations p 853 and in internet articles today is june 2019

Lawsuit: Father blames Dallas' Timberlawn hospital for sex assault of 13-year-old daughter FILED UNDER INVESTIGATIONS AT APR 18 SHARE Written by sue ambrose investigator reporter S Ambrose, Investigative Reporter Timberlawn psychiatric hospital staff’s negligence and “inhumane character” allowed a 13-year-old girl to be raped there in 2017, according to a lawsuit filed this month in a Dallas County district court. The father brought the suit against the now-defunct Dallas hospital, saying his daughter has suffered mental anguish because of the assault and still needs medical treatment. An attorney representing Timberlawn’s parent company, Universal Health Services, declined to comment on the lawsuit, citing pending litigation. The girl, who was being treated at Timberlawn for depression, said that a 17-year-old male patient sneaked into her room one evening and raped her. After The Dallas Morning News reported that Dallas police were investigating, federal hospital inspectors launched an investigation. They found the hospital had placed the boy and girl in rooms near each other and had falsified paperwork to make it look as if the two were in a public area at the time of the assault. They also found the floor was understaffed that night. State regulators moved to revoke Timberlawn’s license, saying it was too dangerous for patients. But before that could happen, UHS shut down the 100-year-old hospital in early 2018, citing dwindling patient numbers. Dallas police referred the sexual assault case to a grand jury, but no charges have been filed. UHS operates five other psychiatric hospitals in the Dallas area: Hickory Trail, Millwood, Garland Behavioral, Mayhill and University Behavioral Health of Denton. ADVERTISER CONTENT You can help protect your sexual health. By Healthysexual View Comments LOGIN TO COMMENT • Only letters, numbers, - (dashes) and _ (underscores) • Cannot start with a - (dash) or _ (underscore) • Minimum 6 characters, maximum 250 characters By submitting, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Get Started PLEASE CHOOSE A DISPLAY NAME • Only letters, numbers, - (dashes) and _ (underscores) • Cannot start with a - (dash) or _ (underscore) • Minimum 6 characters, maximum 250 characters • ____________________________________________________________________________________ • ____________________________________________________________________________________ • Have a Chronicle subscription but need to create your log-in information? • About Houston Chronicle • Advertise with Us • Read Today's eNewspaper • Sex abuse crisis the focus as US Catholic bishops convene • • Body of Texas police chief found in Houston Ship Channel • March for Maleah draws thousands to downtown Houston to honor • Sex abuse crisis tops agenda as Southern Baptists convene • • Local • Neighborhoods • Maleah Davis • Houston & Texas News • Chronicle Investigates • Obituaries • Staff & Reader Blogs • Nick Anderson Cartoons • La Voz (Español) • Houston's History • Kazakhstan: Election day protests of vote bring 500 arrests • • Crowds throng 2019 Houston Tattoo Arts Convention • Media stars and a former Texans player taste-test new Original • Here's how much it costs to make a splash at Houston area water • Father's Day gift deals for 2019 • HoustonChronicle.com • MenuSections • Text CHRON to 77453 for alerts • Body of Kemah Police Chief found near Texas City Dike • 'Walk With Maleah' draws thousands to downtown Houston • Geto Boys’ Bushwick Bill dead at 52 • Pedestrian fatally struck on I-45 by off-duty firefighter • https://www.chron.com/news/medical/article/Prosecutor-to-discuss-doctor-accused-of-ordering-13938451.php • Doctor accused of murder in 25 patient overdose deaths • Kantele Franko, Associated Press • Updated 12:13 am CDT, Thursday, June 6, 2019 • • 5 • • Former Mount Carmel Dr. William Husel arrives at the downtown Columbus Division of Police headquarters where he was charged with 25 counts of murder before being transported to the Franklin County Jail on Wednesday, June 5, 2019. Husel is accused of ordering excessive doses of painkillers for 35 patients over a four-year period. (Adam Cairns/The Columbus Dispatch via AP) ... less • Former Mount Carmel Dr. William Husel arrives at the downtown Columbus Division of Police headquarters where he was charged with 25 counts of murder before being transported to the Franklin County Jail on ... more • Photo: Adam Cairns, AP • window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({ mode: 'thumbnails-c', container: 'taboola-interstitial-gallery-thumbnails-18', placement: 'Interstitial Gallery Thumbnails 18', target_type: 'mix' }); _taboola.push({flush: true}); • • FILE - This Jan. 15, 2019 file photo shows the main entrance to Mount Carmel West Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Authorities are set to give an update on the criminal investigation of an intensive care doctor accused of ordering possibly fatal painkillers for dozens of Ohio hospital patients. The Franklin County prosecutor and Columbus police scheduled a news conference Wednesday, June 5, to discuss the investigation of Dr. William Husel. less • FILE - This Jan. 15, 2019 file photo shows the main entrance to Mount Carmel West Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Authorities are set to give an update on the criminal investigation of an intensive care doctor ... more • Photo: Andrew Welsh Huggins, AP • • The opioid epidemic has hit nearly every corner of the United States. Continue ahead for a look at what the Centers for Disease Control say about the crisis. • • Pictured: Purdue Pharma's Stamford headquarters. • The opioid epidemic has hit nearly every corner of the United States. Continue ahead for a look at what the Centers for Disease Control say about the crisis. • • Pictured: Purdue Pharma's Stamford headquarters. • Photo: File Photo • • Here's what the Centers for Disease Control say about the crisis: • CDC: "The majority of drug overdose deaths (66%) involve an opioid. In 2016, the number of overdose deaths involving opioids (including prescription opioids and heroin) was 5 times higher than in 1999. From 2000 to 2016, more than 600,000 people died from drug overdoses. On average, 115 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose." • ... less • Here's what the Centers for Disease Control say about the crisis: • CDC: "The majority of drug overdose deaths (66%) involve an opioid. In 2016, the number of overdose deaths involving opioids (including • ... more • Photo: Hailshadow/Getty Images/iStockphoto • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Photo: Andrew Welsh Huggins, AP • Image 1 of / 18 • Caption • Close • Image 1 of 18 • FILE - This Jan. 15, 2019 file photo shows the main entrance to Mount Carmel West Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Authorities are set to give an update on the criminal investigation of an intensive care doctor accused of ordering possibly fatal painkillers for dozens of Ohio hospital patients. The Franklin County prosecutor and Columbus police scheduled a news conference Wednesday, June 5, to discuss the investigation of Dr. William Husel. less • FILE - This Jan. 15, 2019 file photo shows the main entrance to Mount Carmel West Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Authorities are set to give an update on the criminal investigation of an intensive care doctor ... more • Photo: Andrew Welsh Huggins, AP • Doctor accused of murder in 25 patient overdose deaths • 1 / 18 • Back to Gallery • COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) — An Ohio doctor was charged with murder Wednesday in the deaths of 25 hospital patients who, authorities say, were killed with deliberate overdoses of painkillers, many of them administered by other medical workers on his orders. • In one of the biggest cases of its kind ever brought against an American health care professional, William Husel was accused of ordering outsize doses of the powerful painkiller fentanyl. Many of the patients who died were on ventilators and receiving palliative care. The deaths occurred between 2015 and 2018. • Franklin County Prosecutor Ron O'Brien compared Husel's actions to extinguishing a dwindling candle. • "That candle, while there may be just a half an inch of wax left, if I blow that candle out, I'm causing that flame to go out sooner than it would naturally," O'Brien said. • Related Stories • Bill would ban synthetic urine used to skirt drug tests • More states sue opioid maker alleging deceptive marketing • Researchers pose as heroin users to find treatment gaps • Husel, 43, pleaded not guilty after turning himself in earlier in the day. A judge set bail at $1 million. • The doctor is the lone defendant. Authorities are not prosecuting nurses, pharmacists and others involved in the deaths, though dozens of hospital employees have been reported to professional boards for investigation and potential disciplinary action. • Husel's lawyer said he was trying to provide "comfort care" for dying patients. • "At no time did Dr. Husel ever intend to euthanize anyone — euthanize meaning speed up death," defense attorney Richard Blake said. • The patients were going to die whether they were being treated by Husel or another physician, Blake said. • Ohio doctor charged in opioid overdose deaths • A critical care doctor facing murder charges in the overdose deaths of 25 patients has pleaded not guilty. A lawyer for Dr. William Husel said he didn't intend to kill patients. (June 5) • • An Error Has Occurred • Ohio doctor charged in opioid overdose deaths • Speed • Normal • Quality • Auto • Quality • Speed • 0.25 • 0.50 • 0.75 • Normal • 1.25 • 1.50 • 1.75 • 01:24 • 01:25 • 00:00 • Now Playing: Ohio doctor charged in opioid overdose deathsAD: 0:00 • A critical care doctor facing murder charges in the overdose deaths of 25 patients has pleaded not guilty. A lawyer for Dr. William Husel said he didn't intend to kill patients. (June 5) • Media: Associated Press • The Columbus-area Mount Carmel Health System has publicly apologized. It issued a statement Wednesday pledging to continue cooperating with authorities and making "meaningful changes" to ensure such events never happen again. • The system found that Husel ordered potentially fatal drug doses for 29 patients, including five who might have received those drugs when there still was a chance to improve their conditions with treatment. The hospital system said six more patients got doses that were excessive but probably did not cause their deaths. • The murder charges were brought only in cases that involved fentanyl doses of at least 500 micrograms. The prosecutor said the investigation remains open and other cases are still under review. • Husel was fired in December and stripped of his medical license after concerns about his orders were brought to the attention of officials at Mount Carmel, where he had worked for five years. • Mount Carmel has said it should have investigated and taken action sooner. It has acknowledged that the doctor was not removed from patient care for four weeks after the concerns were raised, and three patients died during that time. • Police Sgt. Terry McConnell said none of the families who talked with investigators believed that what happened was "mercy treatment." • Amy Pfaff, whose mother was among the patients whose deaths prompted the charges, said she still wonders about his motives. • "Trust me, I sit many hours sitting trying to figure out why would he do this to so many people, and I just don't know," Pfaff said. • More than two dozen wrongful-death lawsuits have been filed against the doctor and the hospital system, including one by Pfaff over the October 2017 death of her mother, Beverlee Schirtzinger. • The hospital system settled some of the cases for hundreds of thousands of dollars. • All employees who had a role in administering medication to the victims have been removed from patient care as a precaution, hospital officials have said. • All told, 48 nurses and pharmacists were reported to their respective professional boards. Thirty of those employees were put on leave, and 18 no longer work there, including some who left years ago, officials said. • Records show no prior disciplinary action against Husel by the Ohio State Medical Board. The board will not disclose whether it received any complaints that did not result in action. • The allegations against Husel recalled another Ohio case involving a former nurse's aide dubbed the Angel of Death. That man, Donald Harvey, confessed in 1987 to killing 37 people, most of them hospital patients, over the span of two decades in Ohio and Kentucky. He was given multiple life sentences and died in 2017 after being attacked by a fellow inmate. • ___ • This story has been updated to correct the spelling of the doctor's name to Husel in one instance, instead of Hussel. •

To president of the united states in Washington DC and Public and police chief I recommend due to cut backs in funding that what police and sheriff and dps and highway patrol and jail staff and other parts of the legal staff do is the following When legal staff and police get hurt in the line of duty the ambulance take the staff to the jail medical center/area instead of a regular hospital or regular emergency room to cut down on cost to tax payers which the legal staff say they care so much to service in their uniform Jails and prisons have area’s in jails which they have medical staff and a doctor and I recommend jails and prisons make a small emergency room and sleeping area for the staff to be taken to (emergency room then the sleeping area for the hurt staff to sleep for a over-night stay so the doctor can keep a eye on the hurt staff for the night to make sure the stitches staff may have gotten while hurt on the job on duty hours Do that instead of taking the legal staff like police to the regular public hospital and emergency room and then this might cut down on the work forces tax’s they have to pay I am sure the jail medical area’s already have wound care and stitches care supplies already (just have the doctor make sure the medical area has enough supplies around for the care of the staff in case they need it) Then when the staff like police get hurt in the line of duty bring them to the jail medical staff and area to get emergency medical care instead of the a regular public hospital Besides police and legal staff always say they want to try to service the work force sense they work hard all day anyway And so that is a way they can service the work force is by doing that idea to cut back on cost to avoid more tax’s and to reduce the tax’s Try the idea and see if it helps and works Signed Katrine Elizabeth sackett32463 whitelady (5’3)(5’21/2) Spring terrace apts 7101 n ih 35 austin tx by burger king Date July 18, 2019

3. mercauro - Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mercauro (obsolete, medicine) A mixture of the bromides of mercury, gold and arsenic used to treat syphilis

public notice and insurance companies and medicaid and medicare i feel or think there may be fraud or money misused under my name katrine elizabeth sackett 32463 whitelady (5'3)(5'21/2) (533/80/3030? or 553/80/3030 ?) i think it may be to misuse for others to include black kids/adults who are crippled or paralayized siting in electric wheel chairs because i noticed even here in or at spring terrace apts in austin texas 7101 n ih 35 austin tx by burger king and near denny's restuarant near st johns and ih-35 that we have a black guy/male who has wheel chair and suddenly looks like a new one because he's seems to be like a new chair and one that runs better then the one he had and i am aware he would not have that kind of money to buy a new one or better one and insurance companies only buy a person one and medicare and medicaid only buy a person one also which means he could not have gotten the new or better one covered under his own name see i believe some one or group of people are misusing me to commit insurance or medicaid or medicaid fraud and for others not for me and i think the local police/sheriff allow this to go on and know/now it goes on under my name (misuseing me) to commit fraud and the courts and local authorities in state of texas and out-side of texas are letting this go on and i feel the mental health field let this go on (misuse of me due to the fact mental health has no real way to service people of many kinds and many kinds of needs so they misuse me and money under my name for others and themselves as staff) what can i do about it? nothing due to i do not have the money to hire a attorney properly trained in the first place for one reason but there are other reasons why i can not do anything about it not to mention that things like this would be hard to prove in court of law even if i have good reason to be suspicious about it signed katrine(kathrine) elizabeth sackett 32463 whitelady (5'3)(5'21/2) spring terrace apts 7101 n ih 35 austin tx apt 214 by burger king and near dennys resuarant near st johns and ih 35 austin tx date sept 1 2019 time 3:30am

2.7 Electrolyte abnormalities Several psychotropic medications may lead to hyponatremia, including antidepressant and antiepileptic/mood stabilizer drugs. Carbamazepine is a well-established offender. Although the mechanism is unknown, stimulation of the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1c might lead to increased release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and water retention at renal tubules21. Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake can also lead to increased ADH through α1- adrenergic receptor stimulation21. People with serum sodium concentrations at 125-130 mEq/l would present with gastrointestinal complaints of nausea and vomiting and the neurological symptoms of fatigue, headaches, and muscle cramps. Delirium ensues with levels below 125mEq/l22. At concentrations lower than 120 mEq/l, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death are reported21. However, some individuals with chronic hyponatremia might be asymptomatic even at more severely low sodium levels. Laboratory evidence includes lower than normal serum osmolality and increased urine sodium or osmolality21. Hyponatremia can occur just weeks after medication initiation21. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may have a greater potential for causing this side-effect compared to other antidepressant drugs (ranging from 0.5-32%)21,22. Patients older than age 65 carry a sixfold increased risk. Female gender, high medication doses, low baseline sodium levels, being underweight, co-treatment with diuretic agents, and smoking tobacco are other risk factors (nicotine stimulates vasopressin causing enhancement of water reabsorption from renal tubules)22. 2.8 Leucopenia, neutropenia and/or agranulocytosis It is important to note that psychotropic medications have been attributed to leucopenia and in rare cases neutropenia23. This can predispose people to infections, septicemia, delirium, and death. Clozapine is the antipsychotic drug most associated with bone marrow suppression and use requires special registry for patients and their physicians. A complete blood cell count with white cell differentials is indicated weekly following drug initiation in 2.6 Medication causing hepatotoxicity Many psychopharmaceuticals can cause liver damage (see Table-3). Acute hepatic failure is an idiosyncratic reaction to medications and can lead to encephalopathy within weeks of first symptom development. Chronic hepatotoxicity and fibrosis usually occurs with longterm treatment; delirium occurs later in the disease process. ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS SSRIs Fluoxetine Paroxetine Sertraline Citalopram Escitalopram Bupropion SNRIs Nefazdone Venlafaxine Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine OTHERS Trazdone Mirtazapine TRI- & TETRACYCLICS Cloimpramine, Imipramine, Amitriptyline, etc MAOIs Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine + + + +/- ? + ++++ ++ + ++ ? ? ++/+++ ++ ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS FIRST GENERATION AGENTS Phenothiazine (Chlorpromazine) Butyrophenones (Haloperidol) SECOND GENERATION AGENTS Clozapine Risperidone Paliperidone Olanzapine Quetiapine Ziprasidone Aripiprazol MOOD STABILIZERS Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Divalproex Lamotrigine Topiramate Gabapentine Lithium OTHERS Pemoline Atomoxetine Tacrine ++ ++ +++ ++ ? ++ + - - +++ ++ +++ ++ ? ? ? ++++ ++ ++++ SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor; SNRI: Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor; MAOI: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor. Table 3. Psychiatric Medications and Hepatotoxicity 2.5 Lithium Lithium is a salt frequently used to treat bipolar disorders or as an augmenting agent for those who suffer from depression. It is effective for controlling manic symptoms at blood levels of 0.6 to 1.2 μg/ml and for maintenance therapy at 0.3 to 0.6 μg/dl. Lithium toxicity is common in dehydrated individuals (see Table-2). Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs in 10% of treated patients and causes dehydration, possibly precipitating toxicity and an encephalopathy. For people over 65 years-of-age, with impaired renal function and polypharmacy, the risk for this adversity increases by two-fold14,15. When co-prescribed with diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorthiazide), non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen), and/or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril), lithium excretion is reduced leading to potential toxicity if dose adjustment is not made15. Toxic symptoms are generally correlated to serum blood lithium levels. Mild cases occur when concentrations are between 1.5 to 2μg/ml, presenting with gastrointestinal upset, mild tremors, and weakness. With moderate toxicity, concentrations range from 2 to 2.5μg/ml and complaints include tinnitus, muscle twitches, dysarthria, and hyperreflexia manifest. At higher blood levels, severe toxicity includes delirium, seizures, coma, and even death; in these cases, blood concentrations are less well correlated to clinical status. Neurotoxicity with permanent sequellae follows high level intoxication15. Thus, significant toxicity mandates hydration and immediate discontinuation of lithium; hemodialysis maybe required. [1] Dehydration a. Increased perspiration b. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus [2] Impaired renal function-nephritis or renal tubular nephrosis [3] Medications a. Loop diuretics e.g., hydrochlorothiazide b. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor e.g., captopril c. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs e.g., ibuprofen Table 2. Causes of Lithium Toxicity www.intechopen.com Miscellanea on Encephalopathies 118 There is controversy about the safety of combing lithium with antipsychotic medications; several sporadic cases of encephalopathy have been reported with such combinations16. This might be explained by lithium enhancing dopamine receptor blockade17. Otherwise, coprescribing leads to a higher concentration of intracellular lithium, in a dose-dependent nature16. One retrospective study documented low encephalopathy rates18. Nevertheless, such combinations remain frequently utilized, effective, and safe. 2.6 Medication causing hepatotoxicity Many psychopharmaceuticals can cause liver damage (see Table-3). Acute hepatic failure is 2.9 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electroconvulsive therapy is frequently used to treat patient suffering from depression. Delirium can result from the pre-treatment anesthesia or due to the ECT itself. An ECTinduced delirium occurs in up to 12% of individuals, usually resolving spontaneously within an hour25. Assurance and benzodiazepines are used to treat any associated agitation. Older age, comorbid neurological disorders, and rapid discontinuation of benzodiazepines after long-term treatment during an ECT series increases the incidence of delirium. Since continued seizures leading to status epilepticus should be ruled out, many physicians continue electroencephalographic monitoring in the post-convulsive period to detect such ictus. A higher incidence of confusion might follow co-prescribing lithium or dopaminergic agents during ECT. 3. Psychiatric disorders mimicking encephalopathy 3.1 Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder Schizophrenia occurs in up to 1% of the population and usually presents first in the late teens and early twenties. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-fourth edition-revised (DSM-IV-R) criteria, to fit this diagnosis, the individual has to have at least two major symptoms for at least six months26: delusions which are false fixed beliefs, hallucinations which are misperception of stimuli by the five senses in the absence of stimulation, disorganization of speech, behavior, and/or thought disorder, catatonia or negative symptoms. The negative symptom profile includes apathy, slow movements, ambivalence, and a blunted affect. Catatonia includes motor hyperactivity or

Submitted by Unregistered User on Fri, 09/04/2020 - 21:40 VIRGIN ATLANTIC TO CUT OVER 1000 ONE THOUSAND JOBS TODAY IS SEPT 4 2020 FROM KATRINE (KATHRINE)ELIZABETH SACKETT 32463 WHITELADY SPRING TERRACE APARTMENT DONATED BUILDING FOR APT USE 7101 N IH 35 AUSTIN TEXAS NEAR BURGER KING NEAR DENNYS RESTUARANT NEAR ST JOHNS AND IH-35 AUSTIN TEXAS

National Center for Advancing and Translational SciencesGenetic and Rare Diseases Information Center, a program of the National Center for Advancing and Translational Sciences 1-888-205-2311 References BYou can help advance rare disease research! toolbox Find out how with the NCATS Toolkit. Nephrocalcinosis OTHER Names: Hypercalcemic nephropathy Categories: Kidney and Urinary Diseases Summary Listen Nephrocalcinosis is a disorder that occurs when too much calcium is deposited in the kidneys. It commonly occurs in premature infants. Individuals may not have symptoms or may have symptoms related to the condition causing nephrocalcinosis. If kidney stones are present, symptoms may include blood in the urine, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, and severe pain in the belly area, sides of the back (flank), groin, or testicles. Later symptoms may be associated with chronic kidney failure. It may be caused by use of certain medications or supplements, infection, or any condition that leads to high levels of calcium in the blood or urine including hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, Alport syndrome, Bartter syndrome, and a variety of other conditions.[1][2] Some of the underlying disorders that can cause nephrocalcinosis are genetic, with the inheritance pattern depending on the specific disorder. Treatment differs depending on the cause of nephrocalcinosis and often aims to prevent more calcium from being deposited in the kidneys.[1] Last updated: 4/17/2017 Cause Listen Nephrocalcinosis may be caused by a variety of things, including underlying disorders or conditions, medications or supplements, and infections. Causes may include:[1][2] Primary hyperparathyroidism Distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) hypervitaminosis-D states (very levels of vitamin D) Other cause of hypercalcemia (increased calcium in the blood) Sarcoidosis Phosphate supplementation Medullary sponge kidney Osteoporosis due to immobilization, menopause, aging, or steroids Primary (familial) hyperoxaluria, or secondary hyperoxaluria Chronic disorders such as Bartter syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, Liddle syndrome, and 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets and X-linked hypophosphatemic conditions Premature birth Other causes may include the use of certain medications such as acetazolamide; tuberculosis of the kidney; and infections related to AIDS.[1] Last updated: 4/17/2017 Do you have updated information on this disease? We want to hear from you. Inheritance Listen Nephrocalcinosis may have a variety of causes, including underlying disorders, certain medications and supplements, and infections. Nephrocalcinosis itself is not inherited. However, the condition causing nephrocalcinosis in an individual may be inherited. Some inherited conditions that may be associated with nephrocalcinosis include:[1][2][3] Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) Familial distal renal tubular acidosis Chronic granulomatous disease Primary hyperoxaluria Bartter syndrome Alport syndrome Primary hyperaldosteronism Liddle syndrome 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets and X-linked hypophosphatemic conditions Williams syndrome Beta thalassemia Last updated: 4/17/2017 Treatment Listen Treatment of nephrocalcinosis includes treating the underlying condition causing nephrocalcinosis, if it is known. The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and prevent more calcium from being deposited in the kidneys. Measures are usually taken to reduce abnormal levels of calcium, phosphate, and oxalate in the blood. Medications that cause calcium loss are typically stopped.[1] Treatment of hypercalcemia (increased calcium levels in the blood) and hypercalcemic nephropathy typically includes adequate hydration by isotonic sodium chloride (normal saline) solution to reverse hypercalcemia and protect the kidneys. Treatment of macroscopic nephrocalcinosis (calcium deposition that is visible without magnification) may include thiazide diuretics and dietary salt restriction, potassium and magnesium supplementation, and citrate supplementation in idiopathic hypercalciuria (of unknown cause) and in distal renal tubular acidosis. Lessening of nephrocalcinosis may occur over time, but in many cases, such as when it results from primary hyperoxaluria or distal renal tubular acidosis, nephrocalcinosis is largely irreversible. Therefore, early detection and treatment are important.[2] Individuals interested in learning about treatment options for themselves should speak with their health care provider or a nephrologist. Last updated: 4/17/2017 Research Listen Research helps us better understand diseases and can lead to advances in diagnosis and treatment. This section provides resources to help you learn about medical research and ways to get involved. Clinical Research Resources ClinicalTrials.gov lists trials that are related to Nephrocalcinosis. Click on the link to go to ClinicalTrials.gov to read descriptions of these studies. Please note: Studies listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website are listed for informational purposes only; being listed does not reflect an endorsement by GARD or the NIH. We strongly recommend that you talk with a trusted healthcare provider before choosing to participate in any clinical study. Organizations Listen Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD. Organizations Providing General Support American Association of Kidney Patients 3505 E. Frontage Rd., Suite 315 Tampa, FL 33607-1796 Toll-free: 800-749-2257 Telephone: 813-636-8100 Fax: 813-636-8122 E-mail: info@aakp.org Website: http://www.aakp.org American Kidney Fund, Inc. 11921 Rockville Pike Suite 300 Rockville, MD 20852 Toll-free: 866-300-2900 Telephone: 301-881-3052 E-mail: helpline@kidneyfund.org Website: http://www.kidneyfund.org National Kidney Foundation 30 East 33rd Street New York, NY 10016 Toll-free: 800-622-9010 Telephone: 212-889-2210 Fax: 212-689-9261 E-mail: info@kidney.org Website: https://www.kidney.org/ The Kidney Foundation of Canada 700-15 Gervais Drive Toronto Ontario M3C 1Y8 Canada Toll-free: 800-387-4474 Telephone: 416-445-0373 Fax: 416-445-7440 E-mail: kidney@kidney.on.ca Website: http://www.kidney.on.ca Do you know of an organization? We want to hear from you. Learn More Listen These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional. Where to Start MedlinePlus was designed by the National Library of Medicine to help you research your health questions, and it provides more information about this topic. In-Depth Information Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free. The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition. PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Nephrocalcinosis. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. News & Events Listen News Rare Diseases Are Not Rare - Gallery of Creative Work Raises Awareness of Rare Diseases September 1, 2020 NIH-Supported Research Survey to Examine Impact of COVID-19 on Rare Diseases Community May 22, 2020 NCATS Translational Approach Addresses COVID-19 May 21, 2020 GARD Answers Listen Questions sent to GARD may be posted here if the information could be helpful to others. We remove all identifying information when posting a question to protect your privacy. If you do not want your question posted, please let us know. Have a question? Contact a GARD Information Specialist. References Nephrocalcinosis. MedlinePlus. 8/31/2015; https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000492.htm. Fulop T, Agraharkar M, Gupta R. Nephrocalcinosis. Medscape. December 7, 2015; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243911-overview. Kobrin SM, Curhan GC, LAM AQ. Nephrocalcinosis. UpToDate. April 7, 2017; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nephrocalcinosis. Do you know of a review article? We want to hear from you. Share this content: twitter-icon facebook-icon contact-icon link-icons printer-icon You May Be Interested In _____________________________________________________________________________________ Rare Disease Database 0-9• A• B• C• D• E• F• G• H• I• J• K• L• M• N• O• P• Q• R• S• T• U• V• W• X• Y• Z Print Dent Disease NORD gratefully acknowledges Lada Beara Lasic, MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, NYU Medical School, and John Lieske, MD, Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, for assistance in the preparation of this report. Subdivisions of Dent Disease Dent disease type 1 Dent disease type 2 General Discussion Summary Dent disease is a rare genetic kidney disorder characterized by spillage of small proteins in the urine, increased levels of calcium in the urine, kidney calcifications (nephrocalcinosis), recurrent episodes of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) and chronic kidney disease. Dent disease affects males almost exclusively. Symptoms usually appear during childhood, but some individuals may be undiagnosed well into adulthood. In some cases, the disorder will progressively worsen causing severe kidney disease; in other cases affected individuals only experience mild or moderate disease into old age. Kidney disease can progressively worsen until the kidneys stop functioning (end-stage renal failure), although this usually does not occur until 30 to 50 years of age or later and will not occur at all in some individuals. Dent disease can be broken down into two subtypes. Dent disease type 1 is characterized by the previously-mentioned kidney symptoms. Dent disease type 2 is characterized by the same kidney symptoms, but individuals may have additional symptoms including mild intellectual disability, eye involvement or diminished muscle tone (hypotonia). Dent disease type 1 is caused by mutations in the CLCN5 gene. Dent disease type 2 is caused by mutations in the OCRL1 gene. Both of these genes are located on the X chromosome. These mutations may be inherited or occur randomly with no previous family history of the disorder (spontaneously). Dent disease is fully expressed only in males, although some females who carry the gene may develop mild manifestations such as spillage of small proteins in the urine, increased levels of calcium in the urine, or rarely kidney stones. Introduction Dent disease was first reported in the medical literature in 1964 by Drs. Dent and Friedman who described two unrelated boys with rickets. The disorder was eventually fully described by Dr. Oliver Wrong in 1990 who named the disease after his colleague and mentor Dr. Dent. Over the years Dent disease was referred to by other names including X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis with renal failure, X-linked recessive hypercalciuric hypophosphatemic rickets, and idiopathic low-molecular-weight proteinuria with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Generally, Dent disease is now broken into type 1 and type 2 based upon the specific genetic mutation present. There are other individuals with Dent disease who lack mutations of these two genes (non 1/ non 2). Signs & Symptoms The specific symptoms and severity of Dent disease can vary dramatically, even among individuals within the same family. Although researchers have been able to establish a clear syndrome with characteristic or “core” symptoms, much about these disorders is not fully understood. Several factors including the small number of identified cases, the lack of large clinical studies, and the possibility of other genes influencing the disorders prevent physicians from developing a complete picture of associated symptoms and prognosis. Therefore, it is important to note that affected individuals may not have all of the symptoms discussed below. Parents should talk to their children’s physician and medical team about their specific case, associated symptoms and overall prognosis. Common symptoms associated with Dent disease include elevated levels of proteins and calcium in the urine (proteinuria and hypercalciuria). The type of proteinuria seen in Dent disease is known as low-molecular-weight proteinuria, which is a characteristic finding of the disorder and not always detected in routine medical testing. Hypercalciuria and low molecular weight proteinuria may be the only symptoms that develop in some people. Affected individuals may also develop calcium deposits or calcifications in the kidney tissue (nephrocalcinosis) and/or experience recurrent episodes of kidney stone formation. Kidney stones can cause various symptoms including blood in the urine (hematuria), painful urination (dysuria), the urge to urinate often, abdominal pain (renal colic), blockage of the urinary tract, and repeated urinary tract infections. Eventually, the disorder can progress to cause chronic kidney disease with a progressive decline in kidney function. Symptoms associated with advanced chronic kidney disease include loss of appetite, unintended weight loss, fatigue, and anemia. In some cases, usually between the ages of 30-50, affected individuals can develop end-stage renal failure and require dialysis or kidney transplantation. Some individuals with Dent disease may also develop bone disease such as softening of the bones (osteomalacia) and hypophosphatemic rickets, a condition caused by impaired transport of phosphate and altered vitamin D metabolism in the kidneys. In children, rickets is characterized by bowing deformity of the legs, as well as, growth plate abnormalities and progressive softening of the bones as occurs in osteomalacia. In adults, the growth plate is not present so that osteomalacia is the evident bone problem. In children, growth rates may be slower than normal, frequently resulting in mild short stature. Children may also experience bone pain and difficulty walking. Because of bone abnormalities, affected individuals may have an increased risk of fractures. Some individuals with Dent disease have developed vitamin A deficiency, which can lead to impaired night vision and dry eyes (xerophthalmia). This can be corrected by vitamin A supplementation. DENT DISEASE TYPE 2 Dent disease type 2 is characterized by the characteristic symptoms associated with Dent disease type 1. However, some affected individuals have developed additional symptoms including mild intellectual disability, hypotonia, and clouding of the lenses of the eyes (cataracts). Cataracts in Dent disease type 2 are classified as subclinical because they do not impair vision. Dent disease type 2 is caused by mutations in the same gene that causes Lowe syndrome, a rare multisystem disorder. Lowe syndrome is characterized by the kidney abnormalities that occur in Dent disease, but also additional symptoms affecting the eyes, brain and other organ systems. Some researchers believe that Dent disease type 2 represents the mild end of a disease spectrum that includes Lowe syndrome at the severe end. (For more information on Lowe syndrome, see the Related Disorders section of this report). FEMALE CARRIERS Some females who inherited one of the mutations that cause Dent disease may develop mild manifestations of the disorder such as low-molecular-weight proteinuria and/or hypercalciuria. In the medical literature, only 10 females with a Dent disease gene mutation have been reported to have developed kidney stones and only one affected female has been reported whose disease progressed to end-stage renal failure, however she did not have genetic testing to confirm the disease. Causes Dent disease type 1 is caused by a mutation in the CLCN5 gene; Dent disease type 2 is caused by mutations in the OCRL1 gene. Genes provide instructions for creating proteins that play a critical role in many functions of the body. When a mutation of a gene occurs, the protein product may be faulty, inefficient, or absent. Depending upon the functions of the particular protein, this can affect many organ systems of the body. In most cases, male children inherit the disorder from a carrier mother who has no symptoms or extremely mild symptoms of the disorder. When a mother is a known carrier of the CLCN5 or the OCRL1 mutation, there is a 50% chance of passing that mutation on to her children. Males who inherited a mutation will have the disorder; females who inherited the mutation will be carriers. In extremely rare cases, the mutation that causes the disorder occurs randomly for no apparent reason (de novo mutation). Affected males will not pass the disorder onto sons (who inherit the Y chromosome from fathers), but will pass the mutation on to all their daughters (who will become carriers). Random X-chromosome inactivation is a normal process in females. Females have two X chromosomes, whereas males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In females, certain disease traits on the X chromosome such as a mutated gene may be “masked” by the normal gene on the other X chromosome (random X-chromosome inactivation). Basically, in each cell of the body one X chromosome is active and one is turned off or “silenced.” This occurs randomly and generally happens as a 50-50 split. However, in some cases, females may have favorable X-inactivation, in which the affected X chromosome is silenced in most of the cells. In such cases, they may not develop any symptoms or only have mild symptoms of the disorder. In other cases, females may have unfavorable X-inactivation, in which the unaffected X chromosome is silenced in most of the cells. In such cases, affected females may develop various symptoms associated with Dent disease, but this has only occurred in extremely rare cases. Investigators have determined that the CLCN5 gene is located on the short arm arm (p) of chromosome X (Xp11.23-11p22). The OCRL1 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome X (Xq25-q26). Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic information for each individual. Human body cells normally have 46 chromosomes. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22 and the sex chromosomes are designated X and Y. Males have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. Each chromosome has a short arm designated “p” and a long arm designated “q”. Chromosomes are further sub-divided into many bands that are numbered. For example, “chromosome Xp11.23-p11.22” refers to bands 11.23-11.22 on the short arm of chromosome X. The numbered bands specify the location of the thousands of genes that are present on each chromosome. The CLCN5 and OCRL1 genes create (encode) specific enzymes that are necessary for the proper function of the kidneys. Mutations in these genes result in reduced activity of these enzymes. The enzyme product produced by the CLCN5 gene is believed to be expressed heavily in the kidneys, including within the proximal tubules, the tiny tubes that serve as the primary site of protein reabsorption in the nephron, in the cortical collecting tubules and the loop of Henle. Nephrons are hair-sized structures that are the basic units of the kidneys and remove waste from the blood. The proximal tubules are essential for the proper reabsorption of several important filtered substances such as proteins. Dysfunction of the proximal tubules is believed to play an important role in the development of Dent disease. The exact functions of the enzyme product produced by the OCRL1 gene are not fully understood, however it is known that it is also involved in reabsorption of proteins and recycling of receptors in proximal tubules. More research is necessary to determine the specific functions of these enzymes and how their deficiency contributes to the development of Dent disease. Some individuals with Dent disease do not have mutations in either the CLCN5 or OCRL1 genes, suggesting that additional subtypes of Dent disease caused by mutations in as yet unidentified genes most likely exist. Affected Populations The exact incidence and prevalence of Dent disease is unknown. Dent disease type 1 has been reported in approximately 250 families. Dent disease type 2 has been reported in approximately 25 individuals. Because some affected individuals go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, determining these disorders’ true frequency in the general population is difficult. Dent disease is fully expressed in males only. Dent disease may be recognized during childhood, while other cases can remain undiagnosed well into adulthood. Related Disorders Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Dent disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis. There are several rare genetic disorders characterized by the formation of stones in the kidney or urinary tract sometimes in childhood similar to those seen in Dent disease. Such disorders include the primary hyperoxalurias, familial hypercalciuria-hypomagnesaemia-nephrocalcinosis (Michelis-Castrillo syndrome), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, and cystinuria. (For more information on these disorders, choose the specific disorder name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) A variety of disorders are characterized by renal Fanconi syndrome. Examples include genetic disorders such as cystinosis, hereditary fructose intolerance, galactosemia, tyronsinemia, Wilson disease, and various glycogen storage diseases. Renal Fanconi syndrome can also be acquired during life due to the use of certain drugs (e.g. valproate, deferasirox, cisplastin, ifosfamide) and secondary to certain kidneys diseases, cancers such as multiple myeloma, Sjogren syndrome, or hyperparathyroidism. In children, exposure to heavy metals can also cause renal Fanconi syndrome. (For more information on these disorders, choose the specific disorder name as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Lowe syndrome, also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by vision problems including clouding of the lenses of the eyes (cataracts) that are present at birth, kidney problems that usually develop in the first year of life, and brain abnormalities that are associated with intellectual disabilities. The specific symptoms and severity of the disorder can vary greatly from one person to another. Lowe syndrome is inherited as an X-linked trait. Lowe syndrome is caused by mutations in the same gene (OCRL1) that causes Dent disease type 2. The disorder is fully expressed in males only. (For more information on this disorder, choose “Lowe” as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Diagnosis A diagnosis of Dent disease is based upon identification of characteristic symptoms, a detailed patient history, a thorough clinical evaluation and a variety of specialized tests. A diagnosis may be suspected in individuals with high levels of low-molecular-weight proteins in the urine, excess levels of calcium in the urine and one of the following: nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, hematuria, hypophosphatemia, chronic kidney disease, or evidence of X-linked recessive inheritance. Clinical Testing and Workup Chemical analysis of urine samples may reveal elevated levels of low-molecular-weight proteins and calcium. A biopsy of affected kidney tissue may also reveal changes indicative of Dent disease, although findings may not be specific and are sometimes reported out as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). A biopsy involves the surgical removal and microscopic examination of a piece of affected tissue. A kidney biopsy is not necessary for the diagnosis of Dent disease since laboratory findings and genetic testing can be sufficient to make the diagnosis. However kidney biopsies are often performed in patients who have unexplained kidney disease and significant proteinuria, so that many patients with Dent disease are biopsied before the final diagnosis is made. A diagnosis of Dent disease can be confirmed through molecular genetic testing. Molecular genetic testing can detect mutations in specific genes known to cause Dent disease, but is not always necessary to make a clinical diagnosis of Dent disease if typical findings are present (for example low molecular weight proteinuria and hypercalciuria in male patient). Standard Therapies Treatment The treatment of Dent disease is directed toward the specific symptoms that are apparent in each individual. Treatment may require the coordinated efforts of a team of specialists. Pediatricians, general internists, specialists who assess and treat problems of the kidneys (nephrologists), specialists who assess and treat problems of the urinary tract (urologists), dieticians, and other healthcare professionals may need to systematically and comprehensively plan an affect individual’s treatment. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for affected individuals and their families. There are no standardized treatment protocols or guidelines for affected individuals. Due to the rarity of these diseases, there are no treatment trials that have been tested on a large group of patients. Various treatments have been reported in the medical literature as part of single case reports or small series of patients. Treatment trials would be very helpful to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of specific medications and treatments for individuals with Dent disease. Medications known as thiazides may be used to treat individuals with Dent disease to prevent the recurrence of kidney stones and to lower levels of calcium in the urine. However, these medications can potentially cause significant adverse side effects. Additional medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) have been used in children with elevated levels of proteins in their urine to prevent or delay a further decline in kidney function. The effectiveness of these medications in children with Dent disease is unclear. Vitamin D to treat rickets, if used, may be done so cautiously because excess amounts of vitamin D can increase calcium levels in the urine. Growth failure in children may be treated with growth hormone supplementation. A high citrate diet or citrate supplements have also been used to treat some individuals with Dent disease, based on the observation that a high citrate diet slows progression of kidney disease in a mouse model of Dent disease, although the efficacy of citrate is unproven in humans. If kidney function continues to decline, or in cases where an individual is first diagnosed with Dent disease after the development of end-stage renal disease, additional more aggressive treatment may be required including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and a kidney transplant. Investigational Therapies A registry for hereditary calcium stone disorders has been set up at the Mayo Clinic. A registry is a special database that contains information about individuals with a specific disorder or group of conditions. The collection of data about rare disorders may enable researchers to increase the understanding of such disorders, expand the search for treatments, and accelerate clinical trials into specific treatment options. For more information, contact: International Registry for Hereditary Calcium Stone Diseases Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW Eisenberg SL-33 Rochester, MN 55905 Email: hyperoxaluriacenter@mayo.edu Email rarekidneystones@mayo.edu Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site. Information on current clinical trials in Dent disease by Rare Kidney Stone Consortium is available on the Internet at: http://rarediseasesnetwork.epi.usf.edu/RKSC/studies/index.htm. For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office: Toll-free: (800) 411-1222 TTY: (866) 411-1010 Email: prpl@cc.nih.gov For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, in the main, contact: www.centerwatch.com For more information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ Supporting Organizations Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center PO Box 8126 Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126 Phone: (301) 251-4925 Toll-free: (888) 205-2311 Website: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/ Metabolic Support UK 5 Hilliards Court, Sandpiper Way Chester Business Park Chester, CH4 9QP United Kingdom Phone: 0124420758108452412173 Email: contact@metabolicsupportuk.org Website: https://www.metabolicsupportuk.org/ National Kidney Foundation 30 East 33rd Street New York, NY 10016 Phone: (212) 889-2210 Toll-free: (800) 622-9010 Email: info@kidney.org Website: http://www.kidney.org NIH/National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive & Kidney Diseases Office of Communications & Public Liaison Bldg 31, Rm 9A06 Bethesda, MD 20892-2560 Phone: (301) 496-3583 Email: NDDIC@info.niddk.nih.gov Website: http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/ Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation 579 Albany Post Road New Paltz, NY 12561 USA Phone: (212) 777-0470 Toll-free: (800) 643-8699 Email: info@ohf.org Website: http://www.ohf.org/ Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnett Avenue, MLC 5041 Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA Phone: (813) 396-9501 Toll-free: (866) 533-9104 Email: Rd.dmcc@cincinnatichildrens.org Website: http://rarediseasesnetwork.epi.usf.edu/registry/ Rare Kidney Stone Consortium Mayo Clinic 200 First St., SW Rochester, MN 55901 Phone: (507) 266-8265 Toll-free: (800) 270-4637 Email: rarekidneystones@mayo.edu Website: http://www.rarekidneystones.org References JOURNAL ARTICLES Edvardsson VO, Goldfarb DS, Lieske JC, et al. Hereditary causes of kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28:1923-1942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334384 Becker-Cohen R, Rinat C, Ben-Shalom E, et al. Vitamin A deficiency associated with urinary retinol binding protein wasting in Dent’s disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:1097-1102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22350370 Grand T, L’Hoste S, Mordasini D, et al. Heterogeneity in the processing of CLCN5 mutants related to Dent disease. Hum Mutat. 2011;32:476-483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21305656 Clayerie-Maratin F, Ramos-Trujillo E, Garcia-Nieto V. Dent’s disease: clinical features and molecular basis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:693-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20936522 Devuyst O, Thakker RV. Dent’s disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010;5:28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946626 Bokenkamp A, Bockenhauer D, Cheong HI, et al. Dent 2 disease: a mild variant of Lowe syndrome. J Pediatr. 2009;155:94-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19559295 Blanchard A, Vargas-Poussou R, Peyrard S, et al. Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on urinary calcium excretion in Dent disease: an uncontrolled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:1084-1095. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976849 Hoopes RR Jr., Shrimpton AE, Knohl SJ, et al. Dent disease with mutations in OCRL1. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76:260-267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15627218 Thakker RV. Pathogenesis of Dent’s disease and related syndromes of X-linked nephrolithiasis. Kidny Int. 2000;57:787-793. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720930 INTERNET Lieske JC, Milliner DS, Beara-Lasic L, et al. Dent Disease. 2012 Aug 9 [Updated 2014 Sep 25]. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99494/ Accessed December 29, 2016. Devuyst O, Thakker RV. Dent Disease. Orphanet Encyclopedia, Last Update January 2011. Available at: http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&data_id=3719&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Dent-disease&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Dent-disease&title=Dent-disease&search=Disease_Search_Simple Accessed December 29, 2016. Years Published 2014, 2017 The information in NORD’s Rare Disease Database is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of a physician or other qualified medical professional. The content of the website and databases of the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is copyrighted and may not be reproduced, copied, downloaded or disseminated, in any way, for any commercial or public purpose, without prior written authorization and approval from NORD. Individuals may print one hard copy of an individual disease for personal use, provided that content is unmodified and includes NORD’s copyright. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) 55 Kenosia Ave., Danbury CT 06810 • (203)744-0100 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Acetazolamide pronounced as (a set a zole' a mide) Email this page to a friend Print Facebook Twitter Pinterest Why is this medication prescribed? How should this medicine be used? What special precautions should I follow? What should I do if I forget a dose? What side effects can this medication cause? What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication? In case of emergency/overdose What other information should I know? Brand names Why is this medication prescribed? Acetazolamide is used to treat glaucoma, a condition in which increased pressure in the eye can lead to gradual loss of vision. Acetazolamide decreases the pressure in the eye. Acetazolamide is also used to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms (upset stomach, headache, shortness of breath, dizziness, drowsiness, and fatigue) of altitude (mountain) sickness. Acetazolamide is used with other medicines to reduce edema (excess fluid retention) and to help control seizures in certain types of epilepsy. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. How should this medicine be used? Acetazolamide comes as a tablet and capsule to take by mouth. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take acetazolamide exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. If you are taking the extended-release (long-acting) form of acetazolamide (Diamox Sequels), do not crush or chew the capsules. What special precautions should I follow? Before taking acetazolamide, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to acetazolamide, sulfa drugs, diuretics ('water pills'), or any other drugs. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially amphetamines, aspirin, cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), medications for depression or irregular heartbeat, diflunisal (Dolobid), digoxin (Lanoxin), diuretics ('water pills'), lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid), phenobarbital, primidone (Mysoline), and vitamins. tell your doctor if you have or have ever had heart, liver, or kidney disease; or diabetes. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking acetazolamide, call your doctor immediately. if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking acetazolamide. you should know that this drug may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug affects you. remember that alcohol can add to the drowsiness caused by this drug. plan to avoid unnecessary or prolonged exposure to sunlight and to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Acetazolamide may make your skin sensitive to sunlight. What should I do if I forget a dose? Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for the missed one. What side effects can this medication cause? Acetazolamide may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: upset stomach vomiting loss of appetite If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: numbness and tingling increased thirst and urination drowsiness headache confusion fever rash blood in urine painful urination yellowing of the skin or eyes seizures sore throat unusual bleeding or bruising If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088). What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication? Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). It is important to keep all medication out of sight and reach of children as many containers (such as weekly pill minders and those for eye drops, creams, patches, and inhalers) are not child-resistant and young children can open them easily. To protect young children from poisoning, always lock safety caps and immediately place the medication in a safe location – one that is up and away and out of their sight and reach. http://www.upandaway.org Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist or contact your local garbage/recycling department to learn about take-back programs in your community. See the FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program. In case of emergency/overdose In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at 1-800-222-1222. Information is also available online at https://www.poisonhelp.org/help. If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can't be awakened, immediately call emergency services at 911. What other information should I know? Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain tests to check your response to acetazolamide. Do not let anyone else to take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies. Brand names Diamox® Sequels® Last Revised - 09/15/2017 Browse Drugs and Medicines Was this page helpful? YesNo ASHP LogoAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. Disclaimer AHFS® Patient Medication Information™. © Copyright, 2020. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists®, 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland. All Rights Reserved. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized by ASHP. For Developers U.S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Page last updated: 03 September 2020 -------______________________________________________________________________________________________ Bartter syndrome Printable PDF Open All Close All Description Bartter syndrome is a group of very similar kidney disorders that cause an imbalance of potassium, sodium, chloride, and related molecules in the body. In some cases, Bartter syndrome becomes apparent before birth. The disorder can cause polyhydramnios, which is an increased volume of fluid surrounding the fetus (amniotic fluid). Polyhydramnios increases the risk of premature birth. Beginning in infancy, affected individuals often fail to grow and gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive). They lose excess amounts of salt (sodium chloride) in their urine, which leads to dehydration, constipation, and increased urine production (polyuria). In addition, large amounts of calcium are lost through the urine (hypercalciuria), which can cause weakening of the bones (osteopenia). Some of the calcium is deposited in the kidneys as they are concentrating urine, leading to hardening of the kidney tissue (nephrocalcinosis). Bartter syndrome is also characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia), which can result in muscle weakness, cramping, and fatigue. Rarely, affected children develop hearing loss caused by abnormalities in the inner ear (sensorineural deafness). Two major forms of Bartter syndrome are distinguished by their age of onset and severity. One form begins before birth (antenatal) and is often life-threatening. The other form, often called the classical form, begins in early childhood and tends to be less severe. Once the genetic causes of Bartter syndrome were identified, researchers also split the disorder into different types based on the genes involved. Types I, II, and IV have the features of antenatal Bartter syndrome. Because type IV is also associated with hearing loss, it is sometimes called antenatal Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness. Type III usually has the features of classical Bartter syndrome. Anatomy of the male urinary system (left panel) and female urinary system (right panel) showing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Enlarge Frequency The exact prevalence of this disorder is unknown, although it likely affects about 1 per million people worldwide. The condition appears to be more common in Costa Rica and Kuwait than in other populations. Related Information What information about a genetic condition can statistics provide? Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups? Causes Bartter syndrome can be caused by mutations in at least five genes. Mutations in the SLC12A1 gene cause type I. Type II results from mutations in the KCNJ1 gene. Mutations in the CLCNKB gene are responsible for type III. Type IV can result from mutations in the BSND gene or from a combination of mutations in the CLCNKA and CLCNKB genes. The genes associated with Bartter syndrome play important roles in normal kidney function. The proteins produced from these genes are involved in the kidneys' reabsorption of salt. Mutations in any of the five genes impair the kidneys' ability to reabsorb salt, leading to the loss of excess salt in the urine (salt wasting). Abnormalities of salt transport also affect the reabsorption of other charged atoms (ions), including potassium and calcium. The resulting imbalance of ions in the body leads to the major features of Bartter syndrome. In some people with Bartter syndrome, the genetic cause of the disorder is unknown. Researchers are searching for additional genes that may be associated with this condition. Learn more about the genes associated with Bartter syndrome Related Information What is a gene? What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur? How can gene mutations affect health and development? More about Mutations and Health Inheritance Pattern Diagnosis & Management Links Other Names for This Condition aldosteronism with hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex Bartter disease Bartter's syndrome juxtaglomerular hyperplasia with secondary aldosteronism Related Information How are genetic conditions and genes named? Additional Information & Resources Health Information from MedlinePlus (2 links) Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (1 link) Additional NIH Resources (1 link) Educational Resources (3 links) Patient Support and Advocacy Resources (3 links) Scientific Articles on PubMed (1 link) Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM (5 links) Medical Genetics Database from MedGen (1 link) Secondary Aldosteronism (Renovascular Hypertension) Glen L. Hortin At a Glance Suspicion of secondary hyperaldosteronism is raised by moderate to severe hypertension that is relatively unresponsive to therapy, combined with evidence of renovascular disorders or diagnoses that may be associated with renovascular disorders. Abdominal bruits serve as a clinical sign of vascular stenosis. Difference in kidney size or unexplained renal insufficiency also raises clinical suspicion. Most patients with hypertension have essential hypertension of unknown cause, but renovascular hypertension is one of the more common forms of secondary hypertension. In adults younger than 30 years of age, renal artery stenosis may result from fibromuscular dysplasia of renal vessels. In patients older than 50 years of age, atherosclerosis is the leading cause; less frequent causes are renal artery aneurysm, renal vascular thrombosis, and other processes, such as vasculitis affecting renal vessels. Occasionally, external masses may compress the renal artery. Rarely, renin is produced by renal tumors. Hypokalemia in the absence of diuretic therapy is suggestive of hyperaldosteronism. Secondary hyperaldosteronism also occurs as a physiological mechanism in hypotensive states, such as cardiac failure, but the present discussion focuses on presentation with hypertension. Renin is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney when it senses a fall in pressure in the renal artery. This is the first step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin production usually occurs when there is a systemic fall in blood pressure. However, this normal regulation fails when there is obstruction to a renal artery. The kidney senses a low pressure, releases increased amount of renin, and activates the RAAS. Increased production of angiotensin causes vasoconstriction, and production of aldosterone results in increased sodium uptake and potassium excretion by the kidney. Sodium retention increases vascular volume and blood pressure. What Tests Should I Request to Confirm My Clinical Dx? In addition, what follow-up tests might be useful? Testing for plasma renin helps identify secondary hyperaldosteronism. Renin can be determined either by using a direct immunoassay of renin molecules or by measuring renin activity by assessing rate of angiotensin production in a test tube. High plasma renin supports the clinical diagnosis, but this test is considered to have a sensitivity and specificity of only about 60%. Measuring the aldosterone:renin ratio helps distinguish secondary from primary aldosteronism. In both disorders, aldosterone is high, but, in primary aldosteronism, renin should be suppressed, as opposed to high in secondary hyperaldosteronism (Table 1). Today’s Top Picks for You on Cancer Therapy Advisor Researchers Work to Establish a National Biorepository to Study irAEsCHIP Associated With Higher CRP LevelTocilizumab Shows Benefit in a Patient With COVID-19 and Multiple Myeloma CONTINUE READING Table 1. Plasma renin Plasma aldosterone Serum potassium High High Low or normal Are There Any Factors That Might Affect the Lab Results? In particular, does your patient take any medications – OTC drugs or Herbals – that might affect the lab results? Many factors affect renin measurement and may contribute to low sensitivity and specificity of the plasma renin test. In general, renin production is increased by factors that lower blood pressure and vascular volume, and it is decreased by factors that increase blood pressure and vascular volume. Renin production is suppressed by high sodium intake, intravenous fluid loading, supine posture, beta blockers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Renin production is increased by sodium restriction, volume depletion, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. Renin activity assays are inhibited by renin inhibitors. Renal glomerular injury may impair the ability to produce renin. Many factors, including diuretics and many blood pressure medications, affect renin and aldosterone production. Assessing the ratio of renin in specimens collected from the two renal veins tends to normalize for most of these factors as long as there is a sufficiently high level of renin for adequate measurement. What Lab Results Are Confirmatory? Inappropriately high urine potassium concentration (>30 mmol/L) in the setting of low serum potassium provides evidence of high aldosterone. Urine sodium excretion is low. Renal artery sonography is a noninvasive imaging technique that can provide evidence of vascular stenosis. What Tests Should I Request to Confirm My Clinical Dx? In addition, what follow-up tests might be useful? Catheterization of the renal vein to collect specimens for measurement of renin activity helps determine whether there is a unilateral lesion that may be responsive to surgical correction. Lateralization is usually considered to occur when the plasma renin from one renal vein is at least 1.5 times as much as from the other renal vein. Imaging studies and arteriography help identify whether there are structural disorders of kidneys or vascular obstructions. Many types of imaging techniques have been applied. Diagnosis of renovascular hypertension has important implications for therapy for hypertension. Unilateral disease can be favorably treated surgically. Identification of atherosclerotic disease may lead to intensive medical therapy. Treatment of patients with renovascular hypertension with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors has led to improved outcome. Copyright © 2017, 2013 Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. All rights reserved. No sponsor or advertiser has participated in, approved or paid for the content provided by Decision Support in Medicine LLC. The Licensed Content is the property of and copyrighted by DSM. Powered By Decision Support in Medicine. Juxtaglomerular Hyperplasia with Secondary Aldosteronism Last updated March 7, 2018 Approved by: Krish Tangella MD, MBA, FCAP We can't paste this image from the Clipboard, but you can save it to your computer and insert it from there. The topic Juxtaglomerular Hyperplasia with Secondary Aldosteronism you are seeking is a synonym, or alternative name, or is closely related to the medical condition Bartter Syndrome. Quick Summary: Bartter Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by imbalances of ions, such as sodium, chloride, and potassium, within the body The disorder is classified based on the time of onset into the following categories: Antenatal Bartter Syndrome: It is recognisable before birth and can potentially be life-threatening Classic Bartter Syndrome: It is not as severe and has an onset during early infancy Gitelman Syndrome: This condition has an onset during adolescence or early adulthood, and it may not be as severe as the other forms of Bartter Syndrome Bartter Syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC12A1, KCNJ1, CLCNKB, CLCNKA, and BSND genes. Since this is a genetic condition, a family history of Bartter Syndrome is a major risk factor for developing the condition The genes implicated in Bartter Syndrome are involved in the proper functioning of the kidneys through salt reabsorption. Mutations in these genes can cause a loss of salt in the urine Some of the symptoms of Bartter Syndrome are increased urine volume, increased urine frequency, dehydration, constipation, reduced potassium levels, weak bones, and muscle spasms The syndrome can lead to potential complications such as developmental delays, progressive kidney failure, and risk of arrhythmia with resultant sudden cardiac death The treatment options for Bartter Syndrome include suitable lifestyle measures, such as eating foods rich in sodium and potassium and drinking plenty of water. Other measures include taking potassium supplements, medications to prevent potassium loss from kidneys, and if required, kidney transplantation in case of end-stage renal disease Currently, there are no effective means of preventing Bartter Syndrome; however, genetic testing and counselling might help parents prepare for and understand the disorder better. Prompt and continued treatment may also help prevent complications due to Bartter Syndrome Bartter Syndrome is currently not curable, but it is only manageable through appropriate medical support. In neonates, the condition can be very serious and life-threatening The long-term prognosis for Bartter Syndrome is guarded in light of the possibility for progressive kidney disease and kidney failure. Without treatment, the mortality and morbidity rates are reported to be high Please find comprehensive information on Bartter Syndrome regarding definition, distribution, risk factors, causes, signs & symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention, prognosis, and additional useful information HERE. What are some Useful Resources for Additional Information? References and Information Sources used for the Article: Helpful Peer-Reviewed Medical Articles: Reviewed and Approved by a member of the DoveMed Editorial Board First uploaded: Aug. 7, 2017 Last updated: March 7, 2018 Was this article helpful? YesNo Top Hospitals in your area Wyckoff Heights Medical Center 0 Reviews Woodhull Medical And Mental Health Center 1 Reviews Nyu Langone Medical Center 0 Reviews Bellevue Hospital Center 0 Reviews What company started out as a not-for-profit in partnership with University of Michigan Health System? PROMOTED Caris Life Sciences Foundation Medicine Guardant Health Paradigm Cancer Diagnostic (PCDx) Tempus Share this Trivia: Submit MORE TRIVIAArrow Take a poll no-image Is there a solid tumor genomic profiling company whose leadership was part of the International Genomic Consortium that supported The Cancer Genome Atlas of the NIH? 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Clinical characteristics distinguishing tramadol Clinical characteristics distinguishing tramadol Tramadol LS, Tramadol Mylan, Tramadol Retard Actavis, Tramadol Retard Medartuum, Tramadol Retard Sandoz, Tramadol Synteza, Tramadol Teva, Tramadol-ZN, Tramadol–M Tramadolor, Tramadolor ID 150mg, Tramadolten, Tramadoltramal Tramagen, Tramakard, Tramakat, Tramake, Tramakress, ,Tramalgin Tramaliv, Tramamed, Tramanovag, Tramapine, Tramasol, Tramateg Tramateg Plus Tg, Tramavolta, Tramcet Combination Tablets, Tramed, Tramedif, Tramedo, Tramgesic- Zodid, Tramoda, Tramodyne, Tramól-L, Tramolan, Tramomet, Tramox, Tramquel SR Tramudin, Tramulinum, Tramundin, Tran-u-ron, Tranofen, Trapidol Traumed, Tremadol, Tridural, Trimma, Trodon, Troma, Trosic ,Updol Vesnon-V, Volcidol, Xymel, Yodalamart, Zafin, Zaledor, Zalviar, Zamudol, Zeridame SR, Zetawin Plus, Zodol, Zygard, Zytram 1 each The following products containing tramadol and paracetamol were also mentioned: Acutral, Acutral Effervescent, Anaki, ApoPatram, Curidol, Delpran, Doreta, Exbol Hipatra, Padolten, Paratram, Parcotram, Poltram Combo, ,Sedoloris, Strenduo Symtram, Tracemol, Genoptim, Tramapar, Teva, Tramcet, Traparac, Zaldiar, Zaldiar Algopara, Zaldir Tramadol/Paracetamol EG __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tramadol Hexal __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HARMFUL USE 25 respondents confirmed that there was recreational/harmful use of tramadol and 12 stated that there is no such use. The common routes of administration were reported as oral by 14, oral/injection by 5 and one each inhaling/sniffing, injection and oral/inhaling/sniffing. This was obtained through diversion by 10, diversion plus trafficking by 6, trafficking alone by three and clandestine manufacturing by one. Common formulations of tramadol reported were tablet by 12, tablet and liquid forms by seven, and powder/tablet and powder/ tablet/ liquid one each. The reported use was by general population in seven response and in clubs in two responses. Five respondents report deaths related to tramadol use; 3, 4, 6, 20 (2012) and 154 (2011) respectively. One respondent stated that tramadol along with other substances were found in some fatalities. Addiction programme enrolment is reported by two respondents, 26 and approximately 30-80 respectively. One respondent reported 191 emergency room visits in 2012. Data for 2011 is provided by 1 respondent with 6 deaths and 54,000 emergency room visits. One respondent reported that , ‘there were a total of 12,424 tramadol exposures in 2011. Of these, there were 6,361 single substance exposures (6 deaths) associated with tramadol. In 2011 the estimates of all emergency department visits associated with tramadol products was more than 54,000 nationally, or 17.5 visits per 100,000 population. The estimated number of misuse related emergency department visits, which are classified as AllMA ED visits, was almost 22,000, or 7 visits per 100,000 population.’ Tramadol Update Review Report Agenda item 6.1 Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Thirty‐sixth Meeting Geneva, 16‐20 June 2014 from katrinesackett32463whitelady(5'3)95'2 1/2) information found in google internet articles date sept 7 2020 mon

The Boardwalk at Lady Bird Lake Trail head in Austin, Texas 7,250-ft. boardwalk along & across the lake, offering views of the shoreline, city & turtles. Address: 1820 S Lakeshore Blvd, Austin, TX 78741 Hours: hours could change Auditorium Shores at Town Lake Metropolitan Park Park in Austin, Texas Auditorium Shores is an urban park located in downtown Austin, Texas, within the larger Town Lake Park. Its name refers to its location between the former Palmer Auditorium and the shores of Lady Bird Lake. Located in: Butler Metro Park Address: 900 W Riverside Dr, Austin, TX 78704 Area: 49 acres Hours: hours could change Auditorium Shores at Town Lake Metropolitan Park 4.7 (2,862) · Park 900 W Riverside Dr · In Butler District Park This urban greenspace features an off-leash dog area, seasonal events & picnic tables. Butler Shores at Town Lake 4.6 (283) · Park 200 S Lamar Blvd Closed ⋅ Opens 5AM Sat Tranquil, grassy park offering an assortment of trails, exercise bars & other features. Butler Shores at Town Lake Colorado River Park Wildlife Sanctuary Park in Austin, Texas Address: 5827 Levander Loop, Austin, TX 78702 Hours: hours could change Peace Point at Lady Bird Lake Metropolitan Park 4.7150 Google reviewsPark in Austin, TexasThis simple 5-acre park on a peninsual along the Colorado River features a waterfront gazebo. Address: 2200 S Lakeshore Blvd, Austin, TX 78741 Hours: Open 24 hours River Place Nature Trail Canyon Trailhead 4.4 (441) · Park 4998 River Pl Blvd Closed ⋅ Opens 6AM Sat Park featuring a riverside walking trail with steps, elevation changes & picturesque views. River Place Nature Ann and Roy Butler Hike and Bike Trail 4.8 (230) · Hiking area 1820 S Lakeshore Blvd "Nice pathways,Trails,parks on both sides of the river between I-35 to ..."Hiking area in Austin, Texas Waterfront walking/cycling path featuring scenic views of the downtown skyline. Ann and Roy Butler Hike and Bike Trail Hours: Hours could change Norwood Estate Dog Park 4.3 (581) · Dog park 1009 Edgecliff Terrace Fenced-off dog park with some park benches, tree shade, water supply & drinking bowls. River Place Nature Trail Canyon Trailhead 4.4 (441) · Park 4998 River Pl Blvd Park featuring a riverside walking trail with steps, elevation changes & picturesque views. River Place Nature Edward Rendon Sr. Park at Festival Beach in Town Lake Metropolitan Park 4.5703 Google reviews Park in Austin, Texas Small riverside park featuring areas for picnics & sports, including a swimming pool. Address: 2101 Jesse E. Segovia St, Austin, TX 78702 Butler Metro Park 4.6 (1,724) · Park 1000 Barton Springs Rd Winding park with city vistas, a night-lit fountain, a pond, walking paths & other features. Sir Swante Palm Neighborhood Park 4.1 (104) · Park 200 N IH 35 Svrd SB Compact, grassy park with paths, playground equipment & a monument to a 19th-c. Swedish immigrant. Roy G. Guerrero Colorado River Metro Park 4.6 (872) · Park 400 Grove Blvd This park features play equipment, a disc golf course & a trail leading to the Colorado River. Shoal Beach at Town Lake Metropolitan Park 4.7 (141) · Park 707 W Cesar Chavez St Serene peninsula near Shoal Creek offering scenic views, wildlife, benches & fishing access. Margaret Hofmann Oak Park Mueller Lake Park 4.7 (3,441) · Park 4550 Mueller Blvd · In Mueller Market District A large lake anchors this park featuring an amphitheater, loop trail & picnic area. Shoal Creek Greenbelt 4.6 (249) · Park 2600 N Lamar Blvd A ribbon of a park spanning nearly 81 acres, which include shady trails & a dog park. Barton Creek Greenbelt 4.7 (3,519) · Park 3755 S Capital of Texas Hwy B This popular urban natural area offers opportunities for biking, hiking, swimming & rock climbing. McKinney Falls State Park State park in Austin, Texas McKinney Falls State Park is a state park in Austin, Texas, United States at the confluence of Onion Creek and Williamson Creek. It is administered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Address: 5808 McKinney Falls Pkwy, Austin, TX 78744Area: 1.163 mi²Management: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Red Bud Isle 4.6 (1,030) · Dog park3401 Redbud TrailLakefront off-leash dog park with 13 acres of recreational space, plus hiking, canoeing & kayaking. Walnut Creek Metropolitan Park 4.7 (2,232) · City park12138 N Lamar Blvd This large public park known for its system of hiking & biking trails also has a playground & pool. Blunn Creek Nature Preserve 4.6 (10) · Nature preserve 1200 St Edwards Dr "Some trash throughout the park but overall fun." Mary Moore Searight Metropolitan Park 4.6 (882) · Park907 W Slaughter Ln Over 300 acres of land with facilities for hiking, horseback riding, grilling, disc golf & more. Hill of Life 4.7 (215) · Park 1710 Camp Craft Rd austin tx Mansfield Dam Park4.5748 Google reviewsPark in the Hudson Bend, Texas Waterfront park on Lake Travis offering swimming, boating, scuba diving & picnicking.Address: 4370 Mansfield Dam Park Rd., Austin, TX 78732 Q: What is the entrance fee A: Actually, it's $15 from May to September. They will not allow you to enter with a vehicle without this amount, but you can park outside and walk in for $3. Turkey Creek Trail 4.7273 Google reviews Hiking area in Austin, Address: 1401-1711 City Park Rd, Austin, TX 78730

GROCERY STORES H.E.B. 2400 S. CONGRESS AUSTIN TEXAS (BUS 300 AND BUS 1) H.E.B. 600 W. WILLIAM CANNON (BUS 1 AT 5TH AND GUADALUPE) H.E.B. 7112 ED.BLUESTEIN ----------(125 AUSTIN) H.E.B. 1801 E. 51ST STREET ------(30/639) H.E.B. 7TH STREET-------------------(1/465) H.E.B. 9414 N. LAMAR ---------------(15/183) WAL-MART 1030 NORWOOD PARK BLVD (BUS 300 THEN BUS 10) WAL-MART 9300 S. IH-35 TARGET 5621 N IH-35 RANDALLS 2477 DIRMURRAY COLLINS (NEAR 3300 BEE CAVE RD) (NEAR BARTON CREEK MALL) H.E.B. 5808 BURNET RD AUSTIN TEXAS H.E.B. 1000 E. 41ST ST THESE ADDRESS GOTTON FROM THE RECIEPTS FROM THE STORES BUS TO DEVALLE JAIL 1 BUS 337 WB 2. THEN BUS 350 SB 3. THEN BUS 271 SOUTH TO DEVALLED JAIL DEVALLE TRAVIS COUNTY JAIL ADDRESS 3614 BILL PRICE BUS DIRECTIONS

I AM ASKING FOR A INVESTIGATION INTO HOMELESS FOUNDATION AND SPRING TERRACE APTS AND CITY HOUSING IN AUSTIN TX AND COUNTY HOUSING AND HATC IN AUSTIN TX FOR COMMITING POSSIBLE FRAUD GOVERNMENT FRAUD MISUSEING ME TO DO SO WITHOUT MY CONSENT I BELEIVE THIS PLACE IS COMMITING FRUAD AND WITH HELP FROM HOMELESS FOUNDATION AND COMMUNITY FOUNDATION HELPING TO DO SO THAT MEANS COMMITING SOCIAL SECURITY FRAUD AND EMPACT CHECKS FRAUD UNDER MY NAME/ BY MISUSEING ME TO COMMIT FRAUD WITHOUT MY CONSENT TO DO THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE CHECKING INTO THAT SIGNED KATRINE/KATHRINE/ELIZABETH/SACKETT/32463/3030/5'3////5'2 1/2////WHITELADY////DATE NOV 132020 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE MARSHALL /SHERIFF/POLICE/DPS///MENTAL HEALTH GOVERNMENT STAFFCOURT STAFF/LEGAL STAFF/OR PRIVATE SECTOR/// YOU ALL ARE NOT SHIT IN PLACE OF MONEY ////KEEP THOSE WORDS IN MIND//I DO NOT GET THE SAME RESPECTABLE SERVICE OUT OF YOU ALL AS OTHERS OR OTHER CULTURES OR RACES IN THE UNITED STATES OR OTHER COUNTRIES FACT IS I FEEL I AM THE ONE STAFF MISUSE TO GET OTHERS SERVICES INSTEAD KEEP THESE WORDS IN MIND SIGNED KATRINE/KATHRINE/ELIZABETH/SACKETT/32463//3030///WHITELADY///5'3///5'2 1/2//DATE NOV 13 2020 NOTE CHURCH AND SHELTERS DOESN'T COUNT FOR A SERVICE FROM YOU ALL EITHER